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Large-scale mitogenomic analysis of the phylogeography of the Late Pleistocene cave bear

Gretzinger, Joscha, Molak, Martyna, Reiter, Ella, Pfrengle, Saskia, Urban, Christian, Neukamm, Judith, Blant, Michel, Conard, Nicholas J., Cupillard, Christophe, Dimitrijević, Vesna, Drucker, Dorothée G., Hofman-Kamińska, Emilia, Kowalczyk, Rafał, Krajcarz, Maciej T., Krajcarz, Magdalena, Münzel, Susanne C., Peresani, Marco, Romandini, Matteo, Rufí, Isaac, Soler, Joaquim, Terlato, Gabriele, Krause, Johannes, Bocherens, Hervé, Schuenemann, Verena J.·2019·Scientific Reports
DOI 10.1038/s41598-019-47073-zPMC PMC6695494
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Abstract

The cave bear (Ursus spelaeus) is one of the Late Pleistocene megafauna species that faced extinction at the end of the last ice age. Although it is represented by one of the largest fossil records in Europe and has been subject to several interdisciplinary studies including palaeogenetic research, its fate remains highly controversial. Here, we used a combination of hybridisation capture and next generation sequencing to reconstruct 59 new complete cave bear mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA) from 14 sites in Western, Central and Eastern Europe. In a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis, we compared them to 64 published cave bear mtDNA sequences to reconstruct the population dynamics and phylogeography during the Late Pleistocene. We found five major mitochondrial DNA lineages resulting in a noticeably more complex biogeography of the European lineages during the last 50,000 years than previously assumed. Furthermore, our calculated effective female population sizes suggest a drastic cave bear population decline starting around 40,000 years ago at the onset of the Aurignacian, coinciding with the spread of anatomically modern humans in Europe. Thus, our study supports a potential significant human role in the general extinction and local extirpation of the European cave bear and illuminates the fate of this megafauna species.

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Figure 1 Geographical distribution of analysed samples. Circle size and number of wedges correspond to sample size, respective colours correspond to samples of a specific haplogroup: violet, Ursus spelaeus spelaeus; blue, Ursus spelaeus eremus; yellow, Ursus ingressus West European; light orange, Ursus ingressus Central European; dark orange, Ursus ingressus South-Eastern European.
Figure 1 Geographical distribution of analysed samples. Circle size and number of wedges correspond to sample size, respective colours correspond to samples of a specific haplogroup: violet, Ursus spelaeus spelaeus; blue, Ursus spelaeus eremus; yellow, Ursus ingressus West European; light orange, Ursus ingressus Central European; dark orange, Ursus ingressus South-Eastern European.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Maximum Clade Credibility (MCC) phylogeny of 123 mitochondrial genomes. MCC phylogeny resulting from a BEAST analysis of 64 previously published and 59 mitochondrial genomes reported here drawn to a timescale. The relaxed molecular clock was calibrated using the tip-dating method. Nodes leading to major clades are labelled with the inferred tMRCA (95% highest posterior density of node ages is shown by grey bars). Posterior probabilities from 200,000,000 steps are provided in parentheses along branches leading to major clades. For visibility reasons, only support values related to the relationship of the major clades are shown. Haplogroup clades19 are indicated by the colour coding matching Fig. 1. Haplogroup identifications19 based on previous mtDNA40,41 analyses are provided as rectangular bars to the right of sample names. Trees were visualised using Figtree 1.4.3 (tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/).
Figure 2 Maximum Clade Credibility (MCC) phylogeny of 123 mitochondrial genomes. MCC phylogeny resulting from a BEAST analysis of 64 previously published and 59 mitochondrial genomes reported here drawn to a timescale. The relaxed molecular clock was calibrated using the tip-dating method. Nodes leading to major clades are labelled with the inferred tMRCA (95% highest posterior density of node ages is shown by grey bars). Posterior probabilities from 200,000,000 steps are provided in parentheses along branches leading to major clades. For visibility reasons, only support values related to the relationship of the major clades are shown. Haplogroup clades19 are indicated by the colour coding matching Fig. 1. Haplogroup identifications19 based on previous mtDNA40,41 analyses are provided as rectangular bars to the right of sample names. Trees were visualised using Figtree 1.4.3 (tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Bayesian skyline plot derived from an alignment of 123 complete mitochondrial genomes. Effective female population sizes (Nef) times generation time (g) of all European cave bears (black), Ursus ingressus (orange), and the Ursus spelaeus complex (violet). x axis: time in 14C years before present; y axis: female Nef x g; centre line: median Nef x g; upper and lower bounds: limits of 95% highest posterior density intervals.
Figure 3 Bayesian skyline plot derived from an alignment of 123 complete mitochondrial genomes. Effective female population sizes (Nef) times generation time (g) of all European cave bears (black), Ursus ingressus (orange), and the Ursus spelaeus complex (violet). x axis: time in 14C years before present; y axis: female Nef x g; centre line: median Nef x g; upper and lower bounds: limits of 95% highest posterior density intervals.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Gretzinger, J., Molak, M., Reiter, E., Pfrengle, S., Urban, C., Neukamm, J., Blant, M., Conard, N. J., Cupillard, C., Dimitrijević, V., Drucker, D. G., Hofman-Kamińska, E., Kowalczyk, R., Krajcarz, M. T., Krajcarz, M., Münzel, S. C., Peresani, M., Romandini, M., Rufí, I., Soler, J., Terlato, G., Krause, J., Bocherens, H., & Schuenemann, V. J.
ORCID
Venue
Scientific Reports
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2019-08-15
Volume
9
Issue
1
ISSN
2045-2322
DOI
10.1038/s41598-019-47073-z
PMC
PMC6695494
Cited by
41
References
4
Language
en
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