Persistence of plastic debris and its colonization by bacterial communities after two decades on the abyssal seafloor
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The fate of plastic debris entering the oceans is largely unconstrained. Currently, intensified research is devoted to the abiotic and microbial degradation of plastic floating near the ocean surface for an extended period of time. In contrast, the impacts of environmental conditions in the deep sea on polymer properties and rigidity are virtually unknown. Here, we present unique results of plastic items identified to have been introduced into deep-sea sediments at a water depth of 4150 m in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean more than two decades ago. The results, including optical, spectroscopic, physical and microbial analyses, clearly demonstrate that the bulk polymer materials show no apparent sign of physical or chemical degradation. Solely the polymer surface layers showed reduced hydrophobicity, presumably caused by microbial colonization. The bacterial community present on the plastic items differed significantly (p < 0.1%) from those of the adjacent natural environment by a dominant presence of groups requiring steep redox gradients (Mesorhizobium, Sulfurimonas) and a remarkable decrease in diversity. The establishment of chemical gradients across the polymer surfaces presumably caused these conditions. Our findings suggest that plastic is stable over extended times under deep-sea conditions and that prolonged deposition of polymer items at the seafloor may induce local oxygen depletion at the sediment-water interface.
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Plastic material has been found in the ocean that apparently stayed intact in the marine environment for decades.
“Plastic material was found in the ocean that has apparently stayed intact in the marine environment for decades.125”
From The fate of plastic in the ocean environment – a minireview (2021) · cites this paper as [125]
Intact plastic material was often found in environments conducive for organic matter preservation, e.g. cold or anoxic habitats, and to a lesser degree in warm and oxic environments.
“Intact plastic material was oen found in environments that are conducive for organic matter preservation, e.g.cold 125 or anoxic habitats 126 (and to a lesser degree in warm and oxic environments).”
From The fate of plastic in the ocean environment – a minireview (2021) · cites this paper as [125]
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- Authors
- Krause, S., Molari, M., Gorb, E. V., Gorb, S. N., Kossel, E., & Haeckel, M.
- Affiliations
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (DE)
- Max Planck Society (DE)
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Krause, S.
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2020-06-11
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 9484-9484
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7289819
- OpenAlex
- W3035237867
- Cited by
- 125
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 6
- FWCI
- 4.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) (submittedVersion)
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung (Alfred-Wegener-Institut) (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (03F0707A)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine Biology and Ecology Research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Microbial Community Ecology and Physiology
- Keywords
- plastic debris, deep-sea sediments, abyssal seafloor, microbial colonization of plastic, bacterial communities, polymer degradation, hydrophobicity, redox gradients, Sulfurimonas, Mesorhizobium, sediment-water interface, oxygen depletion
- MeSH terms
- Bacteria, Oceans and Seas, Pacific Ocean, Plastics, Seawater, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Geologic Sediments
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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