Vitamin C–squalene bioconjugate promotes epidermal thickening and collagen production in human skin
Open accessAbstract
Vitamin C (Vit C) benefits to human skin physiology notably by stimulating the biosynthesis of collagen. The main cutaneous collagens are types I and III, which are less synthesized with aging. Vit C is one of the main promotors of collagen formation but it poorly bypasses the epidermis stratum corneum barrier. To address this challenge, we developed a lipophilic version of Vit C for improving skin diffusion and delivery. Vit C was covalently conjugated to squalene (SQ), a natural lipid of the skin, forming a novel Vit C–SQ derivative suitable for cream formulation. Its biological activity was investigated on human whole skin explants in an ex vivo model, through histology and protein and gene expression analyses. Results were compared to Vit C coupled to the reference lipophilic compound palmitic acid, (Vit C–Palmitate). It was observed that Vit C–SQ significantly increased epidermal thickness and preferentially favored collagen III production in human skin after application for 10 days. It also promoted glycosaminoglycans production in a higher extent comparatively to Vit C–Palmitate and free Vit C. Microdissection of the explants to separate dermis and epidermis allowed to measure higher transcriptional effects either in epidermis or in dermis. Among the formulations studied, the strongest effects were observed with Vit C–SQ.
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Vitamin C protects against damage from reactive oxygen species.
“Vitamin C is crucial for immune system function [1,2,3,4] and protects against damage from reactive oxygen species [5,6].”
From Enhanced Vitamin C Delivery: A Systematic Literature Review Assessing the Efficacy and Safety of Alternative Supplement Forms in Healthy Adults (2025) · cites this paper as [6]
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Collagen supplementation - does it bring real benefits?
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A Bio-Therapeutically Squalene
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Bioactive Compounds for Topical and Minimally Invasive Cellulite Treatment and Skin Rejuvenation
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- Authors
- Gref, R., Deloménie, C., Maksimenko, A., Gouadon, E., Percoco, G., Lati, E., Desmaële, D., Zouhiri, F., & Couvreur, P.
- Affiliations
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Université Paris-Saclay (FR)
- Hypertension pulmonaire : physiopathologie et innovation thérapeutique (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Gref, R.
- Couvreur, P.
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2020-10-09
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 16883-16883
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7547010
- OpenAlex
- W3091899464
- Cited by
- 97
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 9.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-10-LABX-0035)
- European Research Council (249835249835)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advancements in Transdermal Drug Delivery
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Collagen: Extraction and Characterization
- Keywords
- vitamin C, squalene, bioconjugates, type III collagen, epidermal thickening, stratum corneum barrier, glycosaminoglycans, skin explants, topical cream formulation, palmitic acid, skin aging
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Ascorbic Acid, Collagen, Drug Compounding, Epidermis, Female, Humans, Skin, Squalene, Drug Delivery Systems, In Vitro Techniques
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