Facile preparation of silver based radiosensitizers via biomineralization method for enhanced in vivo breast cancer radiotherapy
Open accessAbstract
Abstract To solve the traditional radiotherapy obstacles, and also to enhance the radiation therapy efficacy various radiosensitizers have been developed. Radiosensitizers are promising agents that under X-ray irradiation enhance injury to tumor tissue by accelerating DNA damage. In this report, silver-silver sulfide nanoparticles (Ag-Ag2S NPs) were synthesized via a facile, one-pot and environmentally friendly biomineralization method. Ag-Ag2S was coated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) in situ and applied as an X-ray sensitizer to enhance the efficiency of radiotherapy. Also, folic acid (FA) was conjugated to Ag-Ag2S@BSA to impart active targeting capability to the final formulation (Ag-Ag2S@BSA-FA). Prepared NPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopes (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. Results show that most of the NPs have well-defined uniform Janus structures. The biocompatibility of the NPs was then evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. A series of in vitro assays were performed on 4T1 cancer cells to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of the designed NPs. In addition, the radio-enhancing ability of the NPs was tested on the 4T1 breast cancer murine model. MTT, live and dead cell staining, apoptosis, ROS generation, and clonogenic in vitro assays demonstrated the efficacy of NPs as radiosensitizers in radiotherapy. In vivo results as well as H&E staining tumor tissues confirmed tumor destruction in the group that received Ag-Ag2S@BSA-FA NPs and exposed to X-ray. The results showed that prepared tumor-targeted Ag-Ag2S@BSA-FA NPs could be potential candidates as radiosensitizers for enhanced radiotherapy.
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Receptor-specific targeting approaches, including HER2-, CXCR4-, and folate-directed systems, were described in association with increased cellular uptake.
“Receptor-specific targeting approaches, including HER2-, CXCR4-, and folate-directed systems, were described in association with increased cellular uptake [20,24,29,51,54,55].”
From Nanoparticle-Mediated Radiosensitization in Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review of Preclinical Evidence and Translational Challenges (2026) · cites this paper as [55]
The Results section (‘Cellular uptake and internalization efficacy’; page not provided) reports greater uptake of folic-acid-conjugated nanoparticles than unconjugated nanoparticles by 4T1 breast cancer cells and links this to folate receptors. The cited paper does not describe HER2- or CXCR4-directed uptake, so it supports only the folate-directed part of the sentence. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAs the field evolved, increasing emphasis was placed on functional modifications, including surface coatings, targeting ligands, biomimetic components, and therapeutic payloads, giving rise to multifunctional nanoplatforms capable of improving cellular uptake and integrating biological mechanisms of radiosensitization.
“As the field evolved, increasing emphasis was placed on functional modifications, including surface coatings, targeting ligands, biomimetic components, and therapeutic payloads, giving rise to multifunctional nanoplatforms capable of improving cellular uptake and integrating biological mechanisms of radiosensitization [24,27,29,55,66].”
From Nanoparticle-Mediated Radiosensitization in Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review of Preclinical Evidence and Translational Challenges (2026) · cites this paper as [55]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredReceptor-specific targeting, including HER2-, CXCR4-, and folate-directed systems, was frequently described in the included studies and was associated with increased cellular uptake.
“Receptor-specific targeting, including HER2-, CXCR4-, and folate-directed systems, was frequently described and associated with increased cellular uptake [20,24,29,49,51,55,70].”
From Nanoparticle-Mediated Radiosensitization in Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review of Preclinical Evidence and Translational Challenges (2026) · cites this paper as [55]
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- Authors
- Ghaffarlou, M., Mohammadi, A., Mousazadeh, N., Salehiabar, M., Kalantari, Y., Charmi, J., Barsbay, M., Ertas, Y. N., Danafar, H., Rezaeejam, H., Nosrati, H., & Javani, S.
- Affiliations
- Hacettepe University (TR)
- Zanjan University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Golestan University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Corresponding author
- Rezaeejam, Hamed
- Nosrati, Hamed
- Javani, Siamak
- ORCID
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2023-09-13
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 15131-15131
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10499791
- OpenAlex
- W4386712162
- Cited by
- 20
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8
- FWCI
- 3.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- INSF (INSF-98026551)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Nanoplatforms for cancer theranostics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications
- Keywords
- radiosensitizers, biomineralization, bovine serum albumin coating, folic acid targeting, breast cancer radiotherapy, Janus nanoparticles, 4T1 cells, tumor targeting, biocompatibility
- MeSH terms
- Biomineralization, Animals, Folic Acid, Neoplasms, Radiation-Sensitizing Agents, Research Design, Silver, Radiation Oncology, Mice
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