The Cantril Ladder elicits thoughts about power and wealth
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The Cantril Ladder is among the most widely administered subjective well-being measures; every year, it is collected in 140+ countries in the Gallup World Poll and reported in the World Happiness Report . The measure asks respondents to evaluate their lives on a ladder from worst (bottom) to best (top). Prior work found Cantril Ladder scores sensitive to social comparison and to reflect one’s relative position in the income distribution. To understand this, we explored how respondents interpret the Cantril Ladder. We analyzed word responses from 1581 UK adults and tested the impact of the (a) ladder imagery, (b) scale anchors of worst to best possible life, and c) bottom to top . Using three language analysis techniques (dictionary, topic, and word embeddings), we found that the Cantril Ladder framing emphasizes power and wealth over broader well-being and relationship concepts in comparison to the other study conditions. Further, altering the framings increased preferred scale levels from 8.4 to 8.9 (Cohen’s d = 0.36). Introducing harmony as an anchor yielded the strongest divergence from the Cantril Ladder, reducing mentions of power and wealth topics the most (Cohen’s d = −0.76). Our findings refine the understanding of historical Cantril Ladder data and may help guide the future evolution of well-being metrics and guidelines.
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The Cantril Ladder tends to focus on power and wealth rather than more general well-being.
“Despite the Cantril Ladder being one of the most widely administered measures to assess well-being, the scale tends to focus on power and wealth rather than more general well-being [79].”
From Examining cognitive behavioral therapy interventions for unaccompanied minors: a systematic review and qualitative research synthesis. (2025) · cites this paper as [79]
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Lyu, Z., Xie, Z., Yasuda, S., Ishibashi, A., Saito, T., & Takikawa, H. (2026) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-026-01113-4
Joshanloo, M. (2026) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-026-01735-y
Multiple Methods for Visualizing Human Language: A Tutorial for Social and Behavioral Scientists
Eijsbroek, V. C., Nilsson, A., Ackermann, L., Gu, Z., Wiebel, C., Ganesan, A. V., Kjell, K., Schwartz, H. A., & Kjell, O. (2026) · Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/25152459261454622
Self-citationThe Power of Connectedness: Protecting the Mental Health of LGBTIQ+ Youth
Nicolás, R. Á. A., Angulo-Brunet, A., López‐Sáez, M. Á., Méndez, R. L. P., & Ruiz, Y. P. (2026) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-026-02098-0
- Authors
- Nilsson, A. H., Eichstaedt, J. C., Lomas, T., Schwartz, A., & Kjell, O.
- Affiliations
- OsloMet – Oslo Metropolitan University (NO)
- Stanford University (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Stony Brook University (US)
- Lund University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Nilsson, August Håkan
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2024-02-01
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 2642-2642
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10834405
- OpenAlex
- W4391448012
- Cited by
- 57
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 26.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (R01 AA028032/AA)
- The Swedish Research Counsil (2019-06305)
- Lund University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Quality of Life Measurement
- Keywords
- Cantril Ladder, subjective well-being, social comparison, wealth and power, word embeddings, topic modeling, dictionary analysis, scale interpretation
- MeSH terms
- Social Comparison, Happiness, Income
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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