Disulfiram induces redox imbalance and perturbations in central glucose catabolism and metal homeostasis to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus
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) is a prescription alcohol sobriety aid that has shown repurposing potential as an antibacterial drug for infections due to Gram-positive bacteria. In this investigation, we sought to define the principal mechanisms that disulfiram operates as a growth inhibitor of Staphylococcus aureus using differential transcriptomic, metabolomic, bioenergetic, and phenotypic growth analyses. The RNA-seq transcriptome analysis revealed that disulfiram induces oxidative stress, redox imbalance, metal acquisition, and the biosynthesis of pantothenate, coenzyme A, thiamine, menaquinone, siderophores/metallophores, and bacillithiol. The metabolomic analysis indicated that disulfiram depletes coenzyme A and attenuates the catabolism of glucose, pyruvate, and NADH. Conversely, disulfiram appeared to up-regulate arginine catabolism for ATP production and accelerate citrate consumption that was attributed to induction of siderophore biosynthesis (i.e., staphyloferrin). The bioenergetic studies further revealed that the primary metabolite of disulfiram (i.e., diethyldithiocarbamate) is likely involved in the mechanism of action as an inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation and chelating agent of iron and other metals. In the final analysis, disulfiram inhibits the growth of S. aureus by inducing perturbations in central glucose catabolism and redox imbalance (e.g., oxidative stress). Moreover, the chelation of metal ions and antagonism of the respiratory chain by diethyldithiocarbamate are believed to contribute to the inhibition of cell replication.
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DIS inhibits Staphylococcus aureus growth by disrupting central glucose catabolism and inducing redox imbalance, and by chelating metal ions, antagonizing the respiratory chain, ultimately blocking cell replication.
“DIS inhibits Staphylococcus aureus growth by disrupting central glucose catabolism and inducing redox imbalance (e.g., oxidative stress), and by chelating metal ions, antagonizing the respiratory chain, ultimately blocking cell replication.102”
From Off-label and repurposed use of disulfiram beyond alcohol dependence: A systematic review of clinical and preclinical evidence (2026) · cites this paper as [102]
The Abstract and Discussion say disulfiram inhibits S. aureus growth through impaired glucose catabolism and redox imbalance. They describe metal chelation and respiratory-chain antagonism as effects of its primary metabolite, diethyldithiocarbamate, that are believed to further impair cell replication. The claim omits that attribution and presents the proposed contribution as established. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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- Authors
- Long, T. E., Naidu, S. T., Hissom, E. G., Meka, Y., Chavva, H., Brown, K. C., Valentine, M. E., Fan, J., Denvir, J., Primerano, D. A., Yu, H. D., & Valentovic, M. A.
- Affiliations
- Marshall University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Long, Timothy E.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2025-05-05
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 15658-15658
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC12053631
- OpenAlex
- W4410077039
- Cited by
- 8
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 1
- FWCI
- 6.15
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- journal article
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- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
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- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
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- Funders
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R15AI151970)
- National Institutes of Health (P20GM103434)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bacterial biofilms and quorum sensing
- Keywords
- disulfiram, Staphylococcus aureus, oxidative stress, redox imbalance, glucose catabolism, metal homeostasis, siderophore biosynthesis, diethyldithiocarbamate, oxidative phosphorylation inhibition, metal chelation, arginine catabolism, vitamin K2, thiamine biosynthesis, pantothenate biosynthesis, bacillithiol
- MeSH terms
- Anti-Bacterial Agents, Disulfiram, Glucose, Homeostasis, Metals, Oxidation-Reduction, Staphylococcus aureus, Oxidative Stress, Metabolomics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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