Cited by 503Visual perception and processing mechanismsAesthetic Perception and AnalysisTactile and Sensory Interactions

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Subjective contours.

Kanizsa, Gaetano·1976·Scientific American

DOI 10.1038/scientificamerican0476-48

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Direct contrasts between experimental conditions may yield more focal oscillatory activations than comparing pre- versus post-stimulus responses
Kaiser, J., Rahm, B., & Lutzenberger, W. (2008) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.06.031 · Cited by 7
“Four stimuli were presented: an illusory triangle (Kanizsa, 1976)withblack inducerdisks, a real triangle, a no-triangle stimulus with rotated inducer disks (no illusory contours) and a curved illusory triangle.”
Illusory Figures from Stereoscopically Three-Dimensional Inducers Depicting No Occlusion Event
Purghé, F. (1995) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p240905 · Cited by 7
Pitting binding against selection – electrophysiological measures of feature‐based attention are attenuated by Gestalt object grouping
Snyder, A. C., Fiebelkorn, I. C., & Foxe, J. J. (2012) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08016.x · Cited by 6
“These studies have utilized Kanisza illusory figures (cf. Kanizsa, 1976), which are composed of arrays of Pacman-shaped inducers oriented with their ‘mouths’ aligned toward a common point, such that the region interior to the inducers is perceived as a geometric shape superimposed on the…”
Method
Holistic processing improves change detection but impairs change identification
Mathis, K. M., & Kahan, T. A. (2014) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-014-0614-5 · Cited by 5
Partial report is the wrong paradigm
Stazicker, J. (2018) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2017.0350 · Cited by 6
“In a Kanizsa figure, shapes are arranged such that the visual system interprets a group of them as including an illusory contour [35].”
Background
Developmental Designs and Adult Functions of Cortical Maps in Multiple Modalities: Perception, Attention, Navigation, Numbers, Streaming, Speech, and Cognition
Grossberg, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroinformatics · doi:10.3389/fninf.2020.00004 · Cited by 6
“The existence of this kind of cortical interface within multiple intercortical and intracortical feedback loops clarifies why distinguished scientists have debated for decades about the distinction between preattentive and attentive processes, as illustrated by some descendants of the great vision scientists Hermann v…”
Background
Perceptual Learning of Illusory Contours and Colour
Gellatly, A. R. H. (1982) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p110655 · Cited by 6
Dissociation between Attention-Dependent and Spatially Specific Illusory Shape Responses within the Topographic Areas of the Posterior Parietal Cortex
Arsenovic, A., Ischebeck, A. K., & Zaretskaya, N. (2022) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0723-22.2022 · Cited by 6
Atypical association of semantic dementia, corticobasal syndrome, and 4R tauopathy
Clerc, M.-T., Deprez, M., Leuba, G., Lhermitte, B., Lopez, U., & von Gunten, A. (2013) · Neurocase · doi:10.1080/13554794.2013.841953 · Cited by 5
Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) are susceptible to the Kanizsa’s triangle illusion
Lõoke, M., Marinelli, L., Guerineau, C., et al. (2021) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-021-01533-0 · Cited by 5
“Contour illusions emerge when the visual scene fails to give complete luminance, texture, and/or colour cues on the boundaries of the objects, but the latter are nevertheless perceived (Kanizsa 1976).”
Background
Expert violinists can't tell old from new
Levitin, D. J. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1405851111 · Cited by 5
A Discontinuous Galerkin Method for the Subjective Surfaces Problem
Bungert, L., Aizinger, V., & Fried, M. (2016) · Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision · doi:10.1007/s10851-016-0695-z · Cited by 5
“Similarly, subjective contours tests known from psychology such as Kanizsa’s triangle [33] are missing large parts of the object’s edges.”
Background
Stronger perceptual filling-in of spatiotemporal information in the blind spot compared with artificial gaps
Revina, Y., & Maus, G. W. (2020) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/jov.20.4.20 · Cited by 6
“Such perceptual filling-in can occur under various circumstances, such as illusory contours of Kanizsa shapes (Kanizsa, 1976), neon color spreading (Bressan, Mingolla, Spillmann, & Watanabe, 1997), Troxler fading (Troxler, 1804), filling-in in the blind spot (Chen, Maus, Whitney, & Denison, 2017; Durgin, Tripathy, & L…”
Background
Illusions in neglect, illusions of neglect
Vallar, G., & Daini, R. (2002) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198508335.003.0015 · Cited by 5
Illusory contours and spatial judgment
Schoumans, N., & Sittig, A. C. (2000) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03212122 · Cited by 5
A Pixel-parallel Anisotropic Diffusion Algorithm for Subjective Contour Generation
Kim, Y., & Morie, T. (2005) · IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems proceedings · doi:10.1109/iscas.2005.1465566 · Cited by 5
“Furthermore, each Vk(i, j; t) is expressed as the sum of two x- and ydirectional components Vkx(i, j;t) and Vky(i, j;t): V (i, j; t) = V1(i, j;t)+V2(i, j; t), (1) Vk(i, j; t) = Vkx(i, j; t)+Vky(i, j;t), k = 1,2, (2) As an initial state, U(i, j; 0) is set to ’1’ at the pixel position of the diffusion source, and is set…”
Background
Visual Illusory Productions with or without Amodal Completion
Bonaiuto, P., Giannini, A. M., & Bonaiuto, M. (1991) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p200243 · Cited by 5
Interactions Between Perception and Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements
Hafed, Z. M., & Krauzlis, R. J. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0781-3_9 · Cited by 5
Explanation of Illusory Contours in Terms of Strength of Pattern and its Spread Effect
Sohmiya, T., & Sohmiya, K. (1995) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1995.81.3.1003 · Cited by 5
Synchronization, Decrease in Strength of Pattern, Illusory Contours, and Neon-Color Effect
Sohmiya, T., & Sohmiya, K. (1998) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1998.86.1.3 · Cited by 5
The combination of feedforward and feedback processing accounts for contextual effects in visual cortexPreprint
Santo, S. D., Dipoppa, M., Keller, A. J., Roth, M., Scanziani, M., & Miller, K. D. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.05.27.493753 · Cited by 5
“1b) can evoke illusory perception of that structure (Kanizsa, 1976; Pak et al., 2020).”
Background
Shroud like coloration of linen, conservation measures and perception of patterns onto the Shroud of Turin
Lazzaro, P. D., & Murra, D. (2015) · SHS Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/shsconf/20151500005 · Cited by 4
Infants’ perception of curved illusory contour with motion
Sato, K., Masuda, T., Wada, Y., et al. (2013) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2013.05.004 · Cited by 4
Subjective contours are useful for extracting contours with very weak contrasts
Teranishi, M., Ohnishi, N., & Sugie, N. (1993) · doi:10.1109/ijcnn.1993.713878 · Cited by 4
Audiovisual integration capacity modulates as a function of illusory visual contours, visual display circumference, and sound type
Wilbiks, J. M. P., Pavilanis, A. D. S., & Rioux, D. M. (2020) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-019-01882-6 · Cited by 5
Does the standard search task predict performance in related tasks for Kanizsa-style illusory contours?
Trick, L. M., & Hardy, N. L. A. (2019) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-019-01890-6 · Cited by 4
The strength of feedback processing is associated with resistance to visual backward masking during Illusory Contour processing in adult humans
Foxe, J. J., Knight, E. J., Myers, E. J., Cao, C. Z., Molholm, S., & Freedman, E. G. (2022) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119416 · Cited by 4
From Sensation to Perception: Using Multivariate Classification of Visual Illusions to Identify Neural Correlates of Conscious Awareness in Space and Time
Hogendoorn, H. (2015) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p7832 · Cited by 4
“On the basis of patterns of f MRI activation, they trained a classifier to discriminate between trials in which an array of shapes was arranged to either induce an illusory Kanizsa surface (Kanizsa, 1976) or not.”
Method
Comparison of two local discontinuous Galerkin formulations for the subjective surfaces problem
Aizinger, V., Bungert, L., & Fried, M. (2018) · Computing and Visualization in Science · doi:10.1007/s00791-018-0291-4 · Cited by 4
Infants Perceive Three-Dimensional Subjective Contours
Kavšek, M., & Braun, S. (2018) · Perception · doi:10.1177/0301006618811051 · Cited by 4
“A powerful example is depicted in Figure 1(d), a bar version of the Kanizsa figure (e.g., Kanizsa, 1976).”
Background
Predicting Illusory Contours Without Extracting Special Image Features
Yankelovich, A., & Spitzer, H. (2019) · Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncom.2018.00106 · Cited by 4
“This change can also enable us to account for region based eﬀects in the Kanizsa illusion (Kanizsa, 1976; Grossberg and Mingolla, 1987; Spehar, 2000; Ron and Spitzer, 2011).”
Background
Auditory Enhancement of Illusory Contour Perception
Tivadar, R. I., Gaglianese, A., & Murray, M. M. (2020) · Multisensory Research · doi:10.1163/22134808-bja10018 · Cited by 4
Amodal completion instead of predictive coding can explain activity suppression of early visual cortex during illusory shape perception
Yan, C., Pérez-Bellido, A., & de Lange, F. P. (2021) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/jov.21.5.13 · Cited by 3
“illusory visual percept when experiencing the “Kanizsa” illusion (Kanizsa, 1976).”
Background
A minimum description length model for recognizing objects with variable appearances (The VAPOR model)
Canning, J. (1994) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/34.329006 · Cited by 4
Saccadic Compression of Rectangle and Kanizsa Figures: Now You See It, Now You Don't
Noritake, A., Uttl, B., Terao, M., et al. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006383 · Cited by 4
Developmental trends in interpolation and its spatial constraints: A comparison of subjective and occluded contours
Hadad, B., Maurer, D. M., & Lewis, T. L. (2015) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-015-0840-6 · Cited by 4
Extracting physically nonexistent contours
Yasuda, H., Ando, K., Ohnishi, N., et al. (1991) · Systems and Computers in Japan · doi:10.1002/scj.4690220808 · Cited by 4
Is the Kanizsa illusion triggered by the simultaneous contrast mechanism?
Ron, E., & Spitzer, H. (2011) · Journal of the Optical Society of America A · doi:10.1364/josaa.28.002629 · Cited by 4
Effects of Auditory and Visual Priming on the Identification of Spoken Words
Shigeno, S. (2016) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/0031512516684459 · Cited by 5
“…from such various viewpoints as anchoring effects (e.g., Kahneman, 2011; Tryon, 2014; Tversky & Kahneman, 1974), perceptual sets (e.g., Goolkasian & Woodberry, 2010; Kanizsa, 1976), priming effects (e.g., Gulan & Valerjev, 2010; Harley, 2001), and selective attention (e.g., Driver, 2001).”
Background
Weak experiences sufficient for creating illusory figures that influence perception of actual lines
Pin, S. H. D., Sandberg, K., Bibby, B. M., & Overgaard, M. S. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0175339 · Cited by 3
Preliminary Support for the Line Bias Illusion as a Contributor to Black Hole Effects
Robinson, F. E., Williams, H. P., & Biggs, A. T. (2020) · The International Journal of Aerospace Psychology · doi:10.1080/24721840.2020.1785301 · Cited by 4
Cooperative Parallel Processing in Depth, Motion and Texture Perception
Williams, D. W. (1992) · Advances in psychology · doi:10.1016/s0166-4115(08)61353-9 · Cited by 4
The Fraser illusion: Complex figures
Stuart, G. W., & Day, R. H. (1991) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03212179 · Cited by 4
Reconstruction of Subjective Surfaces from Occlusion Cues
Kogo, N., Strecha, C., Fransen, R., et al. (2002) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/3-540-36181-2_31 · Cited by 4
“A well-known figure that provokes an illusory perception, known as the Kanizsa figure, has been a key instrument to investigate the perceptual organization of our brain (see [1] [2] [3] for review).”
Background
Retention of Local Information in Generation of Subjective Contours
Takemoto, A., & Ejima, Y. (1997) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(96)00278-7 · Cited by 4
Binocular rivalry and perceptual inference
Blake, R. (1981) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03198843 · Cited by 4
Comparing Objective and Subjective Quality Results for Compression Pre-processing with Non-linear Diffusion
Kopilovic, I., & Szirányi, T. (2003) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/3-540-44935-3_51 · Cited by 4
“It may follow the well-known effects of psycho visual illusions (like as Kanizsa figures [8]), which can be derived from the description of brain stimuli responses of neurosciences (e.”
Dependence of Apparent Movement of a Subjective Figure on the Perceptual Fate of Inducing Elements
Petersik, J. T. (1987) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p160453 · Cited by 4
“1 Introduction Subjective contours (Kanizsa 1976, 1979) are areas of illusory contrast, usually defining the boundaries of a figure, that are produced when stimuli containing physical contours (ie inducing contours) are arranged in certain ways (eg the stimuli of figure lc).”
Background
Voluntary control of illusory contour formationPreprint
Harrison, W. J., & Rideaux, R. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/219279 · Cited by 4
Perceptual organization is limited in peripheral vision: Evidence from configural superiority
Moore, C. M., Zheng, Q., & Semizer, Y. (2025) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/jov.25.11.16 · Cited by 3
“Objects with shapes that are not present in the image are perceived at diﬀerent depths relative to the viewer (e.g., Kanizsa, 1976).”
Directional bias in interpersonal emotion perception
Genzer, S., Rubin, M., Sened, H., Rafaeli, E., Ochsner, K. N., Cohen, N., & Perry, A. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-66879-2 · Cited by 5
“Forinstance, we amplify edges and borders to ease ﬁ gure – ground differentiation — leading to visual illusions such as the Kanizsa ﬁ gures, where strategically placed shapes make us perceive a triangle that isn ’ t actually drawn 17,18 .”
Event-related potentials and gamma oscillations in EEG as functional diagnostic biomarkers and outcomes in autism spectrum disorder treatment research
Sokhadze, E. M., Shaban, M., El-Baz, A. S., Tasman, A., Sears, L. L., & Casanova, M. F. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-824421-0.00022-9 · Cited by 3
Anisotropic Potential Field Maximization Model for Subjective Contour from Line Figure
Hirose, O., & Nagao, T. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-76858-6_31 · Cited by 3
Contour Detection Based on Self-Organizing Feature Clustering
Ma, Y., Gu, X., & Wang, Y. (2007) · International Conference on Natural Computation (ICNC) · doi:10.1109/icnc.2007.316 · Cited by 3
“Some models can well accomplish the contour integration in the specific circumstances while some other models [1] can even extract the so-called ‘illusory contour’ (or ‘subjective contour’), which is practically inexistent but can be perceived by the brain [2].”
Background
Illusory trust: Kanizsa shapes incidentally increase trust and willingness to invest
Erle, T. M., & Zürn, M. (2020) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.2184 · Cited by 3
“As an exemplary perceptual process that has been used in previous research (e.g., Erle et al., 2017; Erle & Topolinski, 2019; Flavell et al., 2018) we chose the well-known Kanizsa illusion (Kanizsa, 1955, 1976); see right of Figure 1.”
Method
Changes in attentional breadth scale with the demands of Kanizsa-figure object completion–evidence from pupillometry
Nowack, L., Müller, H. J., & Conci, M. (2023) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-023-02750-0 · Cited by 3
“One example that illustrates these mechanisms of object integration is the so-called Kanizsa figure (Kanizsa, 1976); see Fig.”
Background
Objectively quantifying subjective phenomena: Measuring the flashed face distortion effect
Gao, Y., Wang, M., & Rahnev, D. (2024) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105861 · Cited by 3
“…are harder to devise for illusions that cannot be easily manipulated in a graded fashion, such as illusions where subjects see motion in stationary images (Fraser & Wilcox, 1979; Seno, Kitaoka, & Palmisano, 2013) or perceive a shape that does not exist as in the Kanizsa triangle (Kanizsa, 1976).”
Background
Steady-state visual evoked potentials reveal enhanced neural responses to illusory surfaces during a concurrent visual attention task
Wittenhagen, L., & Mattingley, J. B. (2019) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2019.03.014 · Cited by 3
Depth Stratification in Illusory-Contour Figures on Heterogeneous Backgrounds is Independent of Contour Clarity and Brightness Enhancement
Guardini, P., & Gamberini, L. (2008) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p5640 · Cited by 3
“Kanizsa claimed that amodal completion of inducers is the cause of depth stratification, and thus the phenomenon underlying illusorycontour figure formation (Kanizsa 1955, 1974, 1976).”
Background
Seeing Things: Illusory Contours in the Human Visual Brain: Figure 1.
Weigelt, S. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1126-07.2007 · Cited by 3
“Illusory contours in particular have captured researchers’ attention ever since they were introduced by Gaetano Kanisza in 1976 (Kanisza, 1976).”
The Emergence of Prägnanz: Gaetano Kanizsa's Legacies
Luccio, R. (2003) · Axiomathes · doi:10.1023/b:axio.0000007206.84315.ed · Cited by 3
Infants Perceive Three-Dimensional Illusory Contours as Occluding Surfaces
Kavšek, M., & Marks, E. (2015) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12419 · Cited by 3
Serial versus parallel processing in mid-level vision: filling-in the details of spatial interpolation
Cox, M. A., & Maier, A. (2015) · Neuroscience of Consciousness · doi:10.1093/nc/niv007 · Cited by 3
“…interplay between boundary completion and surface filling-in can be readily observed in the Craik–Cornsweet–O’Brien effect (Cornsweet, 1970; Craik, 1966; O’Brien, 1959), illusory shapes (Kanizsa, 1976), neon color spreading (Van Tuijl, 1975), and afterimages (Shimojo, Kamitani and Nishida, 2001).”
Background
Robustness Study of Edge Segmentation and Completion by CNN Based Method for Tessellation Images
Penaud-Polge, V., & Gavet, Y. (2021) · International Symposium on Signal, Image, Video and Communications (ISIVC) · doi:10.1109/isivc49222.2021.9487553 · Cited by 3
Prosthetic Vision Assessment
Schneck, M. E., & Dagnelie, G. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0754-7_20 · Cited by 3
Explaining Visual Cortex Phenomena using Recursive Cortical NetworkPreprint
Lavin, A., Guntupalli, J. S., Lázaro-Gredilla, M., et al. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/380048 · Cited by 3
“Here we show that RCN can reproduce and explain well-known psychophysics experiments and physiological observations: (1) subjective contour effects (Kanizsa, 1976), (2) and neon color spreading, (3) border-ownership response, and (4) occlusion versus deletion effect.”
Method
Aesthetic Anhedonia and Psychotic Hyper-Meaning: Dysregulated Symbolic Closure Dynamics
Rafiei, S. K. S., & Anar, M. A. (2026) · Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s12124-026-09994-z · Cited by 3
“Illusory contours, where observers experience edges that are not physically present, provide a canonical demonstration that the mind can stabilize structure beyond the raw input (Kanizsa 1976 ).”
Determinants of stability in the perception of subjective contour
Laurie, C. A., Warm, J. S., Dember, W. N., et al. (1994) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03205297 · Cited by 2
Comparing Subjective Contours for Kanizsa Squares and Linear Edge Alignments (‘New York Titanic’ Figures)
Gillam, B., & Marlow, P. J. (2014) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p7759 · Cited by 2
“Kanizsa figures (figure 1a, Kanizsa, 1976) were the first to produce really compelling subjective contours and have become the most common stimuli for modeling and physiological investigation of this phenomenon.”
Background
Auditory-Stream Formation
Hermes, D. J. (2023) · Current research in systematic musicology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-25566-3_10 · Cited by 3
Advances on the detection and measurement of bubble contours during subcooled boiling in microgravity
Zabulis, X., Karamaounas, P., Oikonomidou, O., et al. (2023) · Measurement · doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2023.113644 · Cited by 2
The object-based shift direction anisotropy is modulated by the horizontal visual field meridian
Barnas, A. J., & Greenberg, A. S. (2024) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/17470218241230988 · Cited by 2
“Weak enhancements of the meridians are illusory contours that are perceptually degraded (e.g., Kanizsa, 1976; see also Lee, 2002; Seydell-Greenwald & Schmidt, 2012) and perceived without a change in luminance or colour, such as illusory boundaries composed of line texture patterns (Experiment 3) or…”
Beyond holography: The entropic quantum gravity foundations of anisotropic diffusion
Ginestra Bianconi, A. (2025) · Physical review. E · doi:10.1103/gkkt-yysp · Cited by 2
“On the other side, they might inspire research at the interface between topological and geometrical learning and brain research [52–55]. which could potentially capture, among the other things, the main mechanisms beyond brain illusions such as the Kanizsa triangle [56].”
Understanding and simulating border ownership centered segmentation
Chen, T., Cheng, X., & Tsao, T. R. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-18843-9 · Cited by 2
“…coding method and monocular TcNet01 described in Chen et al. (2022) 6 can be applied to several classic illusory contour types commonly studied in psychology and neuroscience, including Kanizsa figures, Ehrenstein illusion, Neon color spreading, and Illusory shading (Kanizsa, 1976 23 44 ).”
Effects of rTMS on Behavioral and Electrocortical Measures of Error Monitoring and Correction Function in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Sokhadze, E. M., Opriș, I. C., Sears, L. L., El-Baz, A. S., Tasman, A., & Casanova, M. F. (2021) · Contemporary clinical neuroscience · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-54564-2_25 · Cited by 2
A PWM-Mode Pixel-Parallel Image-Processing Circuit Performing Directional State-Propagation and Its Application to Subjective Contour Generation
Kim, Y., & Morie, T. (2014) · Circuits Systems and Signal Processing · doi:10.1007/s00034-014-9871-9 · Cited by 2
“1b) [11,14].”
Kansei Measurement in Cooperative Development Techniques
KAMIJO, M., & Shimizu, Y. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5608-7_12 · Cited by 2
Reviews: Studies of Mind and Brain: Neural Principles of Learning, Perception, Development, Cognition and Motor Control, Organization in Vision: Essays on Gestalt Perception
Dobson, V. G., & Gregory, R. L. (1984) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p130223 · Cited by 2
Attentional modulation of neural responses to illusory shapes: Evidence from steady-state and evoked visual potentials
Wittenhagen, L., & Mattingley, J. B. (2019) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.01.017 · Cited by 2
Infant perception of von Szily contours
Kavšek, M., & Braun, S. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2019.04.001 · Cited by 2
Illusory Planes in Fred Sandback’s Sculpture
Verstegen, I. F. (2020) · Leonardo · doi:10.1162/leon_a_02011 · Cited by 2
“Gibson argued that the kinds of illusions that Kanizsa discovered were “pictorial” and would not be noticed in the third dimension with a mobile viewer. However, other researchers have noted the robustness of such illusions even in stimulus rich environments (Metzger, 1970/1986; Ware & Kennedy, 1977). Recently, Steven…”
Background
Skeletal pseudofractures
Daffner, R. H. (1995) · Emergency Radiology · doi:10.1007/bf02628786 · Cited by 2
NEURAL DYNAMICS OF FORM PERCEPTION: BOUNDARY COMPLETION, ILLUSORY FIGURES, AND NEON COLOR SPREADING
Grossberg, S., & Mingolla, E. (1987) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-70414-6.50006-6 · Cited by 2
Selected Abstracts of Conference Presentations at the 2011 International Society for Neurofeedback and Research (ISNR) 19th ISNR Conference, Phoenix, Arizona
(2011) · Journal of Neurotherapy · doi:10.1080/10874208.2011.623098 · Cited by 2
Visual illusions in the interpretation of the radiographic image
Daffner, R. H. (1989) · Current Problems in Diagnostic Radiology · doi:10.1016/0363-0188(89)90008-x · Cited by 2
Lateral predictive coding revisited: internal model, symmetry breaking, and response time
Huang, Z.-Y., Fan, X., Zhou, J., & Zhou, H. (2022) · Communications in Theoretical Physics · doi:10.1088/1572-9494/ac7c03 · Cited by 3
“We notice that recent computational investigations suggested that more complex visual illusions, such as the famous Kanizsa contours [21], could be quantitatively explained by hierarchical predictive coding models with feedback interactions [14].”
The effect of unit number and inter-unit distance on perceived food portion size
Wu, F., Gao, Z., Luo, C., Zhang, T., Zhuang, X., & Ma, G. (2023) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2023.104826 · Cited by 2
Clinical Applications of Electrophysiological Approaches Based on Cortical Modularity in Autism
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“Amodal completion is often contrasted with modal completion, another perceptual completion process characterized by the subjective perception of illusory contours, typically occupying the foreground (Michotte & Burke, 1951; Kanizsa, 1976).”
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“The speci ﬁ c Gestalt we use is an illusory rectangle arising from a Kanizsa ﬁ gure induced by pacman-shaped objects (Kanizsa, 1976; Ko ﬀ ka, 1935).”
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Authors: Kanizsa, G.
Corresponding author: Kanizsa, Gaetano
Venue: Scientific American
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 1976-04
Volume: 234
Issue: 4
Pages: 48-52
ISSN: 0036-8733 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1038/scientificamerican0476-48
OpenAlex: W4251427381
Cited by: 503
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 19 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 12
FWCI: 3.95
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Scientific American (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Aesthetic Perception and Analysis
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
Keywords: illusory contours, visual perception, figure-ground perception, depth perception
MeSH terms: Form Perception, Humans, Illusions, Optical Illusions

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