A Simpler Origin for Life
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The RNA world hypothesis faces formidable difficulties, primarily the immense challenge of RNA synthesis under plausible prebiotic conditions.
“Despite the conceptual elegance of the RNA world, this hypothesis faces formidable difficulties, primarily the immense challenge of RNA synthesis under plausible prebiotic conditions [22,40,41].”
From The Origin of Prebiotic Information System in the Peptide/RNA World: A Simulation Model of the Evolution of Translation and the Genetic Code (2019) · cites this paper as [40]
Initially, all mononucleotides were randomly polymerized into short oligonucleotides of different lengths by peptide bonding.
“Initially, all of these mononucleotides were randomly polymerized into short oligonucleotides of different lengths by peptide bonding [40].”
From The Origin of Prebiotic Information System in the Peptide/RNA World: A Simulation Model of the Evolution of Translation and the Genetic Code (2019) · cites this paper as [40]
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Prebiotic Systems Chemistry: New Perspectives for the Origins of Life
Ruiz-Mirazo, K., Briones, C., & de la Escosura, A. (2014) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/cr2004844 · Cited by 930 · see citing works
The RNA World: molecular cooperation at the origins of life
Higgs, P. G., & Lehman, N. (2015) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg3841 · Cited by 604 · see citing works
The Origin of Life—Out of the Blue
Sutherland, J. D. (2016) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201506585 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Vasas, V., Fernando, C., Santos, M., Kauffman, S., & Szathmáry, E. (2012) · Biology Direct · doi:10.1186/1745-6150-7-1 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Asphalt, Water, and the Prebiotic Synthesis of Ribose, Ribonucleosides, and RNA
Benner, S. A., Kim, H.-J., & Carrigan, M. A. (2012) · Accounts of Chemical Research · doi:10.1021/ar200332w · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Synthesis of Carbohydrates in Mineral-Guided Prebiotic Cycles
Kim, H.-J., Ricardo, A., Illangkoon, H. I., Kim, M. J., Carrigan, M. A., Frye, F., & Benner, S. A. (2011) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja201769f · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Glansdorff, N., Xu, Y., & Labedan, B. (2008) · Biology Direct · doi:10.1186/1745-6150-3-29 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Vasas, V., Szathmáry, E., & Santos, M. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0912628107 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Systems protobiology: origin of life in lipid catalytic networks
Lancet, D., Zidovetzki, R., & Markovitch, O. (2018) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2018.0159 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
The Compositional and Evolutionary Logic of Metabolism
Braakman, R., & Smith, E. (2012) · Physical Biology · doi:10.1088/1478-3975/10/1/011001 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Prebiotic Systems Chemistry: Complexity Overcoming Clutter
Islam, S., & Powner, M. W. (2017) · Chem · doi:10.1016/j.chempr.2017.03.001 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Mulkidjanian, A. Y. (2009) · Biology Direct · doi:10.1186/1745-6150-4-26 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Prebiotic network evolution: six key parameters
Nghe, P., Hordijk, W., Kauffman, S. A., Walker, S. I., Schmidt, F. J., Kemble, H., Yeates, J. A. M., & Lehman, N. (2015) · Molecular BioSystems · doi:10.1039/c5mb00593k · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Thermodynamic dissipation theory for the origin of life
Michaelian, K. (2011) · Earth System Dynamics · doi:10.5194/esd-2-37-2011 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Planetary Organic Chemistry and the Origins of BiomoleculesPreprint
Benner, S. A., Kim, H., Kim, M.-J., & Ricardo, A. (2010) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a003467 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Catalytic Synthesis of Polyribonucleic Acid on Prebiotic Rock Glasses
Jerome, C. A., Kim, H., Mojzsis, S. J., Benner, S. A., & Biondi, E. (2022) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2022.0027 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Chatterjee, S., & Yadav, S. (2019) · Life · doi:10.3390/life9010025 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“SNS is composed of 10 amino acids (glycine, alanine, aspartic acid, valine, glutamic acid, leucine, proline, histidine, glutamine, and arginine) and 16 codons (GGC, GGG, GCC, GCG, GAC, GAG, GUC, GUG, CUC, GUG, CCC, CGC, CAC, CAG, CGC, and CGG) [87,88].”
BackgroundInfluentialDefining Lyfe in the Universe: From Three Privileged Functions to Four Pillars
Bartlett, S., & Wong, M. L. (2020) · Life · doi:10.3390/life10040042 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Setting the Stage: The History, Chemistry, and Geobiology behind RNAPreprint
Benner, S. A., Kim, H., & Yang, Z. (2010) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a003541 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Excess mutual catalysis is required for effective evolvability
Markovitch, O., & Lancet, D. (2012) · Artificial Life · doi:10.1162/artl_a_00064 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Meunier, A., Petit, S., Cockell, C. S., Albani, A. E., & Beaufort, D. (2010) · Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres · doi:10.1007/s11084-010-9205-2 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Cell-free protein synthesis in micro compartments: building a minimal cell from biobricks
Jia, H., Heymann, M., Bernhard, F., Schwille, P., & Kai, L. (2017) · New Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.nbt.2017.06.014 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Behl, A., Nair, A., Mohagaonkar, S., Yadav, P., Gambhir, K., Tyagi, N., Sharma, R. K., Butola, B. S., & Sharma, N. (2022) · Infection Genetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105217 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Emergence of life: Physical chemistry changes the paradigm
Spitzer, J. J., Pielak, G. J., & Poolman, B. (2015) · Biology Direct · doi:10.1186/s13062-015-0060-y · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The Coevolutionary Roots of Biochemistry and Cellular Organization Challenge the RNA World Paradigm
Caetano‐Anollés, G., & Seufferheld, M. J. (2013) · Microbial Physiology · doi:10.1159/000346551 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
From Prelife to Life: How Chemical Kinetics Become Evolutionary Dynamics
Chen, I. A., & Nowak, M. A. (2012) · Accounts of Chemical Research · doi:10.1021/ar2002683 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Towards a General Definition of Life
Vitas, M., & Dobovišek, A. (2019) · Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres · doi:10.1007/s11084-019-09578-5 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
The Origin of Life: Models and Data
Lanier, K. A., & Williams, L. D. (2017) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/s00239-017-9783-y · Cited by 49 · see citing works
The systems perspective at the crossroads between chemistry and biology
de la Escosura, A., Briones, C., & Ruiz‐Mirazo, K. (2015) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.04.036 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Symmetry and order in systems chemistry
Wagner, N., & Ashkenasy, G. (2009) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.3118649 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Gentili, P. L. (2024) · Biomimetics · doi:10.3390/biomimetics9020121 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Der Ursprung des Lebens: Blausäure
Sutherland, J. D. (2015) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.201506585 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Emergence of Life on Earth: A Physicochemical Jigsaw Puzzle
Spitzer, J. J. (2016) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/s00239-016-9775-3 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Biological Boundaries and Biological Age
Jacques Demongeot, A. (2009) · Acta Biotheoretica · doi:10.1007/s10441-009-9087-8 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
The Role of Natural Selection in the Origin of Life
Fry, I. (2010) · Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres · doi:10.1007/s11084-010-9214-1 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
In the Beginning was a Mutualism - On the Origin of Translation
Vitas, M., & Dobovišek, A. (2018) · Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres · doi:10.1007/s11084-018-9557-6 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Quantifying Catalysis at the Origin of Life.
de Graaf, R., Decker, Y. D., Sojo, V., & Hudson, R. (2023) · Chemistry · doi:10.1002/chem.202301447 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Muñuzuri, A. P., & Pérez‐Mercader, J. (2022) · Physics of Life Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2022.03.003 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Cell-Free Protein Synthesis: Chassis toward the Minimal Cell
Yue, K., Zhu, Y., & Kai, L. (2019) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells8040315 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The case for a Martian origin for Earth life
Benner, S. A., & Kim, H. (2015) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.2192890 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Micro-RNAs: viral genome and robustness of gene expression in the host
Jacques Demongeot, A., Drouet, E., Elena, A., Moreira, A., Rechoum, Y., & Sené, S. (2009) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2009.0176 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Lal, A. K. (2008) · Astrophysics and Space Science · doi:10.1007/s10509-008-9876-6 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The ecology–evolution continuum and the origin of life
Baum, D., Peng, Z., Dolson, E. L., Smith, E., Plum, A. M., & Gagrani, P. (2023) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2023.0346 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Prelife catalysts and replicators
Ohtsuki, H., & Nowak, M. A. (2009) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.1136 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Cell‐Free Protein Synthesis and Its Perspectives for Assembling Cells from the Bottom‐Up
Kai, L., & Schwille, P. (2019) · Advanced Biosystems · doi:10.1002/adbi.201800322 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Synthetic biology of minimal living cells: primitive cell models and semi-synthetic cells
Stano, P. (2010) · Systems and Synthetic Biology · doi:10.1007/s11693-010-9054-3 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Primal Eukaryogenesis: On the Communal Nature of Precellular States, Ancestral to Modern Life
Egel, R. (2012) · Life · doi:10.3390/life2010170 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Arya, A., Ray, J., Sharma, S., Cruz-Simbrón, R., Lozano, A., Smith, H. B., Andersen, J. L., Chen, H., Meringer, M., & Cleaves, H. J. (2022) · Chemical Science · doi:10.1039/d2sc00256f · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The GS (genetic selection) Principle
David, L. A. (2009) · Frontiers in bioscience · doi:10.2741/3426 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Ultradian Rhythms as the Dynamic Signature of Life
Yates, F. E., & Yates, L. B. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8352-5_11 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Towards living manufacturing systems
Monostori, L., & Váncza, J. (2020) · Procedia CIRP · doi:10.1016/j.procir.2020.04.150 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Competitive exclusion principle among synthetic non-biochemical protocells
Katla, S. K., Lin, C., & Pérez‐Mercader, J. (2023) · Cell Reports Physical Science · doi:10.1016/j.xcrp.2023.101359 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
On a quest of reverse translation
Vitas, M., & Dobovišek, A. (2016) · Foundations of Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s10698-016-9260-5 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A Hypothesis About the Origin of Biology
WOOLF, N. J. (2015) · Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres · doi:10.1007/s11084-015-9426-5 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Benner, S. A., Kim, H.-J., & Biondi, E. (2018) · Nucleic Acids and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-93584-3_3 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Development: Clinical and evolutionary considerations
Opitz, J. M. (2007) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A · doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.32089 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Software Replica of Minimal Living Processes
Bersini, H. (2010) · Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres · doi:10.1007/s11084-010-9190-5 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Kinetic Resolution as a General Approach to Enantioenrichment in Prebiotic Chemistry
Deng, M., Yu, J., & Blackmond, D. G. (2024) · Accounts of Chemical Research · doi:10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00135 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Multiset of Agents in a Network for Simulation of Complex Systems
Murthy, V. K., & Krishnamurthy, E. V. (2009) · Studies in computational intelligence · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-04227-0_6 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Periyasamy, S., Gray, A. W., & Kille, P. (2013) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2013.00369 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Integrative Perspectives: In Quest of a Coherent Framework for Origins of Life on Earth
Egel, R. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-21625-1_12 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Field-Control, Phase-Transitions, and Life’s Emergence
Mitra-Delmotte, G., & Mitra, A. N. (2012) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2012.00366 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Rivas, M., & Fox, G. E. (2023) · RNA · doi:10.1261/rna.079417.122 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Physicochemical origins of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms
Spitzer, J. J. (2023) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp284428 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Benner, S. A., & Davies, P. C. W. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511902574.005 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
A possible origin of life in nonpolar environments
Vitas, M., & Dobovišek, A. (2024) · Biosystems · doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2024.105384 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Krishna, K. S., Lin, C., & Pérez‐Mercader, J. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2412514122 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Is Darwinian selection a retrograde driving force of evolution?
Vitas, M., & Dobovišek, A. (2023) · Biosystems · doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2023.105031 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
On the Construction of Minimal Cell Models in Synthetic Biology and Origins of Life Studies
Stano, P., & Luisi, P. L. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6766-4_16 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Origin and diversification of a metabolic cycle in oligomer world
Nishio, T., & Narikiyo, O. (2013) · Biosystems · doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2013.01.005 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Mojzsis, S. J. (2022) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781839164798-00021 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Behavioral Metabolution - Metabolism Based Behavior Enables New Forms of Adaptation and Evolution.
Egbert, M. D., Barandiaran, X. E., & Paolo, E. A. D. (2010) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
On the emergence of structural complexity in RNA replicators
Oliver, C., Reinharz, V., & Waldispühl, J. (2019) · RNA · doi:10.1261/rna.070391.119 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Hydrothermal Systems and the Biosphere
Pirajno, F. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8613-7_10 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Cleland, C. E., & Zerella, M. (2013) · History, philosophy and theory of the life sciences · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6537-5_2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Evolution from Composome to RNA Replicase
Deng, S., Lancet, D., & Yaniv, R. (2026) · Life · doi:10.3390/life16020219 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Environmental Stability and Its Importance for the Emergence of Darwinian Evolution
Daga, K., Çoşar, M. F., Lowenkron, A., Hao, J., & Rouillard, J. (2023) · Life · doi:10.3390/life13101960 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Could The Human Mind Be A Product Of Mental Genes: A Nonbiological Component of Brain Genes?
Tariq, S., Kazim, R., & Tauqir, I. (2010) · NeuroQuantology · doi:10.14704/nq.2010.8.3.298 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Phylogenetic Analysis: Early Evolution of Life
Sarma, H., Pradhan, S., Mattaparthi, V. S. K., & Kaushik, S. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809633-8.20171-4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Merciless God of Gravity and the Organism’s Humble Reply
Hafstad, A. (2013) · The Clinical Journal of the International Institute for Bioenergetic Analysis · doi:10.30820/0743-4804-2013-23-111 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Chemical Guidance in the Search for Past and Extant Life on Mars
Benner, S. A., Biondi, E., Kim, H., & Špaček, J. (2021) · doi:10.3847/25c2cfeb.266df7e7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flores, J. C. (2022) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e24010124 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Nanocluster and Nanovoid Formation by Ion Implantation
Nordlund, K., & Keinonen, J. (2009) · Particle acceleration and detection · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-00623-4_18 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
How artificial life relates to theoretical biology
Bersini, H. (2009) · doi:10.1051/orvie/2009006 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Razavi, M. A., Fathi, S. M. S., & Tuszyński, J. A. (2022) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e24010094 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Vainik, E., & Kirt, T. (2008) · Eesti Rakenduslingvistika Ühingu aastaraamat Estonian Papers in Applied Linguistics · doi:10.5128/erya4.14 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Life: The Physical Underpinnings of Replication
Turk-MacLeod, R. M., Gerland, U., & Chen, I. A. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-31730-9_9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Theoretical perspective on synthetic man‐made life: Learning from the origin of life
Lu, P., Zhang, Z., Wang, X., Qiu, W., Zhou, L., Xiao, H. J., Liu, C., Tang, S., Qin, Z., Jiang, J., et al. (2023) · Quantitative Biology · doi:10.1002/qub2.22 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
STOCKERT, J. C., & Horobin, R. W. (2025) · Acta Histochemica · doi:10.1016/j.acthis.2024.152226 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Anomalous percolation features in molecular evolution
Zimmer, P., Kruse, K., & Nagler, J. (2018) · Physical review. E · doi:10.1103/physreve.98.022408 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Prebiotic chemistry: From dust to molecules and beyond
Camprubí, E., Markovitch, O., Muchowska, K. B., Otto, S., & ten Kate, I. L. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-824162-2.00005-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Are Scientific Models of Life Testable? A Lesson from Simpson’s Paradox
Bandyopadhyay, P. S., Grunska, N., Dcruz, D., & Greenwood, M. (2020) · Sci · doi:10.3390/sci3010002 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
An Agent Based Simulation for Testing the Emergence of Meaning
Kirt, T. (2007) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Replication of proto-RNAs sustained by ligase-helicase cycle in oligomer worldPreprint
Sato, D., & Narikiyo, O. (2013) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1306.0199 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Lancet, D. (2014) · Encyclopedia of Astrobiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_5133-2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Making Biochemistry‐Free (Generalized) Life in a Test Tube
Pérez‐Mercader, J. (2023) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394264155.ch7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Nature's Fractal PathwayPreprint
Gowan, J. A. (2009) · viXra
Translation by adaptor-helicase cycle in oligomer worldPreprint
Tsuda, H., & Narikiyo, O. (2013) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1307.3857
- Authors
- Shapiro, R.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Shapiro, Robert
- Venue
- Scientific American
- Published
- 2007-06
- Volume
- 296
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 46-53
- ISSN
- 0036-8733 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2054282731
- Cited by
- 125
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 5.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Scientific American (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Origins and Evolution of Life
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
- Keywords
- origin of life, prebiotic chemistry
- MeSH terms
- Origin of Life, DNA, Energy Metabolism, Genetic Code, RNA, Evolution, Molecular, Life
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review