The Last Universal Common Ancestor: emergence, constitution and genetic legacy of an elusive forerunner
Open accessAbstract
Background: Since the reclassification of all life forms in three Domains (Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya), the identity of their alleged forerunner (Last Universal Common Ancestor or LUCA) has been the subject of extensive controversies: progenote or already complex organism, prokaryote or protoeukaryote, thermophile or mesophile, product of a protracted progression from simple replicators to complex cells or born in the cradle of "catalytically closed" entities? We present a critical survey of the topic and suggest a scenario. Results: LUCA does not appear to have been a simple, primitive, hyperthermophilic prokaryote but rather a complex community of protoeukaryotes with a RNA genome, adapted to a broad range of moderate temperatures, genetically redundant, morphologically and metabolically diverse. LUCA's genetic redundancy predicts loss of paralogous gene copies in divergent lineages to be a significant source of phylogenetic anomalies, i.e. instances where a protein tree departs from the SSU-rRNA genealogy; consequently, horizontal gene transfer may not have the rampant character assumed by many. Examining membrane lipids suggest LUCA had sn1,2 ester fatty acid lipids from which Archaea emerged from the outset as thermophilic by "thermoreduction," with a new type of membrane, composed of sn2,3 ether isoprenoid lipids; this occurred without major enzymatic reconversion. Bacteria emerged by reductive evolution from LUCA and some lineages further acquired extreme thermophily by convergent evolution. This scenario is compatible with the hypothesis that the RNA to DNA transition resulted from different viral invasions as proposed by Forterre. Beyond the controversy opposing "replication first" to metabolism first", the predictive arguments of theories on "catalytic closure" or "compositional heredity" heavily weigh in favour of LUCA's ancestors having emerged as complex, self-replicating entities from which a genetic code arose under natural selection. Conclusion: Life was born complex and the LUCA displayed that heritage. It had the "body "of a mesophilic eukaryote well before maturing by endosymbiosis into an organism adapted to an atmosphere rich in oxygen. Abundant indications suggest reductive evolution of this complex and heterogeneous entity towards the "prokaryotic" Domains Archaea and Bacteria. The word "prokaryote" should be abandoned because epistemologically unsound. Reviewers: This article was reviewed by Anthony Poole, Patrick Forterre, and Nicolas Galtier.
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LUCA is estimated to have lived 3.8-3.5 billion years ago.
“LUCA is estimated to have lived 3.8–3.5 billion years ago (Glansdorff et al., 2008).”
From The Astrobiology Primer v2.0 (2016) · cites this paper as Glansdorff et al., 2008
The ‘Palaeochemistry and chronology of early eukaryote evolution’ section discusses a contested estimate of 3.46 billion years ago for the onset of methanogenesis, not a date for LUCA. Searches for 3.8, 3.5, and LUCA’s age found no passage in our copy estimating that LUCA lived 3.8–3.5 billion years ago. Page numbers were not available. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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- Authors
- Glansdorff, N., Xu, Y., & Labedan, B.
- Affiliations
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (BE)
- Université Paris-Sud (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Labedan, Bernard
- Venue
- Biology Direct
- Published
- 2008-07-09
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 29-29
- ISSN
- 1745-6150 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2478661
- OpenAlex
- W2116103056
- Cited by
- 264
- References
- 228
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 2.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Biology Direct (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- VUBIR (Vrije Universiteit Brussel) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-05)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
- Fondation des Treilles
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Origins and Evolution of Life
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protist diversity and phylogeny
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
- Keywords
- last universal common ancestor, origin of life, RNA genome, gene redundancy, horizontal gene transfer, membrane lipids, ether lipids, RNA to DNA transition, viral entry, metabolism-first hypothesis, origin of the genetic code
- MeSH terms
- Archaea, Bacteria, Eukaryotic Cells, Biological Evolution, Phylogeny, Prokaryotic Cells
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