The DOI matches its Crossref record; 96 of the 96 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Coffee, caffeine and blood pressure: a critical review
Abstract
Objective We review the published data relating to intake of coffee and caffeine on blood pressure in man. We also refer to studies on the possible mechanisms of actions of these effects of caffeine.Design The MEDLINE and Current Contents databases were searched from 1966 to April 1999 using the text words 'coffee or caffeine' and 'blood pressure or hypertension'. Controlled clinical and epidemiologic studies on the blood pressure effects of coffee or caffeine are reviewed. We also refer to studies on the possible mechanisms of action of these effects of caffeine.Results Acute intake of coffee and caffeine increases blood pressure. Caffeine is probably the main active component in coffee. The pressor response is strongest in hypertensive subjects. Some studies with repeated administration of caffeine showed a persistent pressor effect, whereas in others chronic caffeine ingestion did not increase blood pressure. Epidemiologic studies have produced contradictory findings regarding the association between blood pressure and coffee consumption. During regular use tolerance to the cardiovascular responses develops in some people, and therefore no systematic elevation of blood pressure in long-term and in population studies can be shown.Conclusions We conclude that regular coffee may be harmful to some hypertension-prone subjects. The hemodynamic effects of chronic coffee and caffeine consumption have not been sufficiently studied. The possible mechanisms of the cardiovascular effects of caffeine include the blocking of adenosine receptors and the inhibition of phosphodiesterases.
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“A single dose of caffeine (200-250 mg, equivalent to two to three cups of coffee) was found to increase systolic blood pressure (SBP) by 3-14 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) by 4-13 mmHg in normotensive subjects.”
From Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine (2015) · cites this paper as Nurminen et al. (1999)
In the citing paper
“Evidence from experimental studies indicates that coffee acutely increases circulating concentrations of (nor)epinephrine, 2 raises systolic and diastolic blood pressure, 3 increases arterial stiffness, 5,6 and impairs endothelium-dependent vasodilation.7”
From Coffee and acute ischemic stroke onset: The Stroke Onset Study (2010) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“However, short-term metabolic studies have shown that caffeine can acutely increase blood pressure by antagonizing the adenosine A1 and A2A receptor,35–37 and could also acutely adversely affect arterial stiffness and endothelium dependent vasodilation.38, 39”
From Long-Term Coffee Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and a Dose–Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies (2014) · cites this paper as [35]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Nurminen, M.-L., Niittynen, L., Korpela, R., & Vapaatalo, H.
- Affiliations
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Valio (Finland) (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Nurminen, M-L
- Venue
- European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Published
- 1999-11-01
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 831-839
- ISSN
- 0954-3007 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5640
- OpenAlex
- W2025174591
- Semantic Scholar
- 717da42b0900415effba0b481b9ae5103e709df1
- Cited by
- 351
- References
- 96
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 2.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Academy of Finland
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Coffee research and impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Sodium Intake and Health
- Keywords
- coffee, caffeine, blood pressure, hypertension, pressor response, caffeine tolerance, adenosine receptor blockade, phosphodiesterase inhibition
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Blood Pressure, Caffeine, Coffee, Hemodynamics, Humans, Hypertension, Middle Aged, MEDLINE
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