The DOI matches its Crossref record; 42 of the 42 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Snacking frequency in relation to energy intake and food choices in obese men and women compared to a reference population
Abstract
Objective To investigate snacking frequency in relation to energy intake and food choices, taking physical activity into account, in obese vs reference men and women.Design Cross-sectional, descriptive study.Subjects In total, 4259 obese, middle-aged subjects (1891 men and 2368 women) from the baseline examination of the XENDOS study and 1092 subjects (505 men and 587 women) from the SOS reference study were included.Measurements A meal pattern questionnaire describing habitual intake occasions (main meals, light meals/breakfast, snacks, drink-only), a dietary questionnaire describing habitual energy and macronutrient intake and a questionnaire assessing physical activity at work and during leisure time were used.Results The obese group consumed snacks more frequently compared to the reference group (P<0.001) and women more frequently than men (P<0.001). Energy intake increased with increasing snacking frequency, irrespective of physical activity. Statistically significant differences in trends were found for cakes/cookies, candies/chocolate and desserts for the relation between energy intake and snacking frequency, where energy intake increased more by snacking frequency in obese subjects than in reference subjects.Conclusion Obese subjects were more frequent snackers than reference subjects and women were more frequent snackers than men. Snacks were positively related to energy intake, irrespective of physical activity. Sweet, fatty food groups were associated with snacking and contributed considerably to energy intake. Snacking needs to be considered in obesity treatment, prevention and general dietary recommendations.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The classification of temporal distribution of meals is usually based on cultural norms (67,68) .”
From Meal irregularity and cardiometabolic consequences: results from observational and intervention studies (2016) · cites this paper as [67]
In the citing paper
“A recent review of dietary therapies and innovative time-associated dietary approaches concluded that regular meal eating habits might facilitate maintaining weight while unplanned snacking as well as consuming the major part of the energy intake at the end of the day seem to be unfavourable (67) .”
From Meal irregularity and cardiometabolic consequences: results from observational and intervention studies (2016) · cites this paper as [67]
In the citing paper
“While this definition avoids the imposition of a complex criterion to classify EO as meals or snacks( 45 – 47 )”
From Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality (2015) · cites this paper as [45]
In the citing paper
“For example, eleven studies( 23 , 45 – 47 , 52 , 66 , 69 , 75 , 78 , 80 , 82 ) applied no additional criteria, whereas in other studies, EO were delineated using 15-min time intervals( 57 , 70 , 77 ), a 30-min interval( 53 ), a 45-min interval plus a 50 kcal (210 kJ) energy criterion( 15 ) and a 59-min interval (applied to meals only)( 48 ).”
From Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality (2015) · cites this paper as [45]
In the citing paper
“Meal patterns were mostly participant-identified( 15 , 23 , 45 – 48 , 52 , 53 , 57 , 66 , 69 , 70 , 75 , 77 , 78 , 82 ), although these studies varied in the additional criteria used to determine an individual EO, meal and/or snack, and their treatment of beverages.”
From Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality (2015) · cites this paper as [45]
In the citing paper
“Of eighteen studies that examined eating frequency (including snacking frequency), fourteen found that eating frequency was associated with higher EI( 40 , 41 , 45 – 47 , 52 , 57 , 67 , 72 , 77 , 78 , 80 , 82 , 83 ).”
From Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality (2015) · cites this paper as [45]
In the citing paper
“In contrast, three studies( 45 , 46 , 67 ) found that the proportion of energy from protein but not fat was negatively associated with snacking frequency.”
From Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality (2015) · cites this paper as [45]
In the citing paper
“As eating frequency is positively related to EI, it may be that those who under-report EI also under-report their eating frequency( 45 , 108 ).”
From Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality (2015) · cites this paper as [45]
Citations
Cites
Allhoff, P., Laaser, U., & Heinrich, J. (1991) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-95642-3_7 · Cited by 1,331
Association between Eating Patterns and Obesity in a Free-living US Adult Population
Ma, Y. (2003) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwg117 · Cited by 725
Trends in Energy Intake in U.S. between 1977 and 1996: Similar Shifts Seen across Age Groups
Nielsen, S. J., Siega‐Riz, A. M., & Popkin, B. M. (2002) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2002.51 · Cited by 634
Eating patterns and obesity in children
Nicklas, T. A., Yang, S.-J., Baranowski, T., Zakeri, I., & Berenson, G. S. (2003) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(03)00098-9 · Cited by 471
Fábry, P., Hejl, Z., Fodor, J., Braun, T., & Zvolánková, K. (1964) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(64)90510-0 · Cited by 389
Poppitt, S., Swann, D., Black, A., & Prentice, A. M. (1998) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0800584 · Cited by 364
Dietary fat:carbohydrate ratio and obesity in middle-aged men
Dreon, D., Frey-Hewitt, B., Ellsworth, N., Williams, P., Terry, R., & Wood, P. (1988) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/47.6.995 · Cited by 340
Zizza, C., Siega-Riz, A. M., & Popkin, B. M. (2001) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1006/pmed.2000.0817 · Cited by 332
Meal frequency and energy balance
Bellisle, F., McDevitt, R., & Prentice, A. M. (1997) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn19970104 · Cited by 279
Sjöström, L., Larsson, B., Bäckman, L., Bengtsson, C., Bouchard, C., Dahlgren, S. E., Hallgren, P., Jonsson, E. L., Karlsson, J., & Lapidus, L. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 255
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Becker W . Befolkningens kostvanor och näringsintag(HULKEN). Vår Föda 1992; 44: 349–362.
- Gatenby AO, Anderson AD, Southon S, Mela DJ . ‘Meals’ and ‘snacks’. implications for eating patterns in adults. Appetite 1995; 24: 292.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–331 of 331
Control of eating after bariatric surgery
Palmer, K. M. (2018) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)
Pojadanie - zagrożenia i korzyści dla osób starszych
Brzozowska, A. (2016) · Żywienie Człowieka i Metabolizm. Suplement
Varadharajan, & Gnanasekar, R. (2016) · Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research
The Influence of Body Mass Index on Sweet Taste Preference in Women
O'Connor, D. J. (2019) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)
Obesity in children – A challenge that pediatric dentist ignores
Hassan, S. A., Bhateja, S., Arora, G., & Prathyusha, F. (2020) · IP International Journal of Medical Paediatrics and Oncology · doi:10.18231/j.ijmpo.2020.020
Exploring a novel design to support healthy eating
Zhang, Z. (2020)
Evaluation of dietary habits of Singaporean post-secondary students
Tay, M. E. (2019)
Kobayashi, T., Zhao, W., Ukawa, S., Wakai, K., Tsushita, K., Kawamura, T., Ando, M., & Tamakoshi, A. (2021) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/ggi.14209
Styles alimentaires et obésité
Lecerf, J. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-76753-1.00009-6
Shaw, A. C. (2022) · Digital Archive @ GSU · doi:10.57709/7041873
Dietary strategies to modulate the metabolic profile and substrate partitioning
Munsters, M. J. M. (2014) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20140417mm
(2006) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology & Diabetes · doi:10.1097/01.med.0000235329.84906.3b
How might postprandial ‘extras’ fatten? Simulation of a gastric mixing hypothesisPreprint
Booth, D. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.05.17.22275194
Obesity in School-Going Adolescents
Chatoui, R., Chatoui, H., Brhich, A., Merzouki, H., Assli, H. E., & Merzouki, M. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-93971-7_21
Baghdadi, M., Prapkree, L., Uddin, R., Jaafar, J. A. A., Sifre, N., Corea, G., Faith, J., Hernández, J., & Palacios, C. S. (2022) · American Journal of Non-Communicable Diseases · doi:10.25148/ajncd.1.1.010175
Can Food Addiction Predict Weight Trend among Middle School Student?
AL-zaidy, B. S. M., & Naji, A. B. (2022) · Mağallaẗ al-Mawṣil li-l-tamrīḍ/Mosul journal of nursing · doi:10.33899/mjn.2022.175553
Differences in the Perception of Snacks and Beverages Portion Sizes Depending on Body Mass Index
Durma, A. C., Sosnowska, M., Durma, A. D., Śmiałowski, A., & Czupryniak, L. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17132123
Paget, R. M. (2010) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1716202
Blazey, P., Habibi, A., Hassen, N., Friedman, D., Khan, K. M., & Ardern, C. L. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24564275
Blazey, P., Habibi, A., Hassen, N., Friedman, D., Khan, K. M., & Ardern, C. L. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26640109
Blazey, P., Habibi, A., Hassen, N., Friedman, D., Khan, K. M., & Ardern, C. L. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26640112
Mirmiran, P., Aghayan, M., Bakhshi, B., Hosseinpour‐Niazi, S., & Azizi, F. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.15040935
Blazey, P., Habibi, A., Hassen, N., Friedman, D., Khan, K. M., & Ardern, C. L. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26640121
Blazey, P., Habibi, A., Hassen, N., Friedman, D., Khan, K. M., & Ardern, C. L. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24564095
Blazey, P., Habibi, A., Hassen, N., Friedman, D., Khan, K. M., & Ardern, C. L. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26640115
Blazey, P., Habibi, A., Hassen, N., Friedman, D., Khan, K. M., & Ardern, C. L. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26640124
Richardson, J. F., Brett, J., & Avery, A. (2026) · Dietetics · doi:10.3390/dietetics5010014
Verhulst, A. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/3ec00c7az963az475ezaec8z2e0ea2b3f8f2
Grazing suppresses meal-induced dietary preference in rodents and humans
Hornsby, A. K. E., Smith, H. A., Dovey, J. L., Kabeer, H., Stokoe, C., Kundu, A., Liu, Z. H., Bentley, E., Betts, J. A., & Wells, T. (2026) · The Journal of Nutritional Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.jnphys.2026.100037
Metadata
- Authors
- Bertéus Forslund, H., Torgerson, J. S., Sjöström, L., & Lindroos, A. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Lindroos, A K
- ORCID
- Lindroos, A K
- Venue
- International Journal of Obesity
- Published
- 2005-04-05
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 711-719
- ISSN
- 0307-0565 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5497
- OpenAlex
- W2098658447
- Cited by
- 332
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 10.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- International Journal of Obesity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Vetenskapsrådet
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- snacking frequency, energy intake, obesity, food choice, meal patterns, physical activity, sex differences, desserts
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Energy Intake, Choice Behavior, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Fats, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Sex Factors, Sweden, Exercise, Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic, Body Mass Index, Logistic Models, Case-Control Studies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
