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Cited by 332Nutrition, Health and Food BehaviorObesity, Physical Activity, DietHealth and Lifestyle Studies

Significant Increase in Young Adults' Snacking between 1977–1978 and 1994–1996 Represents a Cause for Concern!

Zizza, Claire, Siega-Riz, Anna Maria, Popkin, Barry M.·2001·Preventive Medicine
DOI 10.1006/pmed.2000.0817
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Abstract

Background Studies on children and adolescents suggest a large increase in the role of snacking; however, little is know about changes in the snacking behavior of young adults.Methods USDA's nationally representative surveys from 1977-1978 to 1994-1996 are used to study snacking trends among 8,493 persons 19-29 years old.Results Snacking prevalence increased from 77 to 84% between 1977-1978 and 1994-1996. The nutritional contribution of snacks to total daily energy intake went from 20 to 23%, primarily because energy consumed per snacking occasion increased by 26% and the number of snacks per day increased 14%. The mean daily caloric density (calorie per gram of food) of snacks increased from 1.05 to 1.32 calories. The energy contribution of high-fat desserts to the total calories from snacking decreased (22 to 14%), however, this food group remained the most important source of energy. The energy contribution of high-fat salty snacks doubled. Sweetened and alcoholic beverages remained important energy contributors.Conclusion This large increase in total energy and energy density of snacks among young adults in the United States may be contributing to our obesity epidemic.

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  • Meal patterns were mostly participant-identified, although these studies varied in the additional criteria used to determine an individual eating occasion, meal and/or snack, and their treatment of beverages.

    “Meal patterns were mostly participant-identified( 15 , 23 , 45 – 48 , 52 , 53 , 57 , 66 , 69 , 70 , 75 , 77 , 78 , 82 ), although these studies varied in the additional criteria used to determine an individual EO, meal and/or snack, and their treatment of beverages.”

    From Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality (2015) · cites this paper as [57]

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Authors
Zizza, C., Siega-Riz, A. M., & Popkin, B. M.
Affiliations
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
ORCID
Popkin, Barry M.
Venue
Preventive Medicine
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2001-04
Volume
32
Issue
4
Pages
303-310
ISSN
0091-7435 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1006/pmed.2000.0817
OpenAlex
W2078862245
Cited by
332
References
36
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 16
FWCI
16.60
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Preventive Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health and Lifestyle Studies
Keywords
snacking, young adults, energy intake, energy density, caloric density, sweetened beverages, alcoholic beverages, obesity, dietary habits
MeSH terms
Adult, Energy Intake, Diet Surveys, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Nutritive Value, Obesity, Time Factors, Linear Models

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