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Autocrine IL-6-induced Stat3 activation contributes to the pathogenesis of lung adenocarcinoma and malignant pleural effusion
Abstract
Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) is a poor prognostic sign for patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The generation of MPE is largely regulated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and upregulation of VEGF by Stat3 has been observed in several types of tumor cells. In this study, we demonstrate constitutively activated Stat3 in several human lung cancer cell lines and in tumor cells infiltrated in the pleurae of patients with adenocarcinoma cell lung cancer (ADCLC) and MPE. The observations suggest that activated Stat3 plays a role in the pathogenesis of ADCLC. In PC14PE6/AS2 cells, a Stat3-positive human ADCLC cell line, autocrine IL-6 activated Stat3 via JAKs, not via Src kinase. PC14PE6/AS2 cells express higher VEGF mRNA and protein than do Stat3-negative PC14PE6/AS2/dnStat3 cells. In an animal model, PC14P6/AS2/dnStat3 cells produced no MPE and less lung metastasis than did PC14P6/AS2 cells. PC14PE6/AS2 cells also expressed higher VEGF protein, microvessel density, and vascular permeability in tumors than did PC14P6/AS2/dnStat3 cells. Therefore, we hypothesize that autocrine IL-6 activation of Stat3 in ADCLC may be involved in the formation of malignant pleural effusion by upregulating VEGF. Higher levels of IL-6 and VEGF were also found in the pleural fluids of patients with ADCLC than in patients with congestive heart failure. The autocrine IL-6/Stat3/VEGF signaling pathway may also be activated in patients with ADCLC and MPE. These findings provide novel targets for the management of MPE.
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“Overexpression of RTK ligands, such as IL-6 or transforming growth factor-α, can also lead to persistent STAT3 activation via autocrine signaling through their receptors.57,58”
From Critical analysis of the potential for targeting STAT3 in human malignancy (2013) · cites this paper as [57]
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“The expression of certain cytokines or chemokines in the tumor microenvironment is reported to be associated with tumor progression and patient survival.(21,22) We have reported that in lung cancer, IL-6 secreted by mesenchymal stem cells enhanced tumor initiation through the IL-6/ JAK2/STAT3 pathway.”
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“Activation of STAT3 by IL6 has already been reported in neuroblastoma and other cancer tumors (23, 38, 39), but by demonstrating that blocking IL6 or its receptor is not sufficient to block STAT3 activation, the data indicate that other soluble factors than IL6 present in the CM activate STAT3 and ERK1/2.”
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“Constitutively activated STAT3 reportedly was detected in several human lung cancer cell lines and in tumor cells that infiltrated the pleurae of patients who had malignant pleural effusionassociated lung adenocarcinoma.(32) Several reports have indicated the synergistic effect of cucurbitacin with known chemotherapeu…”
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“Interestingly, none of the 12 genes examined was inducible by BMMCCM in MPE-defective B16F10 cells; however, both NF-κB– target gene Ccl2 and STAT3-target gene Myc were strongly upregulated by BMMC-CM selectively in MPE-competent adenocarcinoma cells (Figure 12A).”
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“kin-6/gp130/JAK2/Stat3 pathway (42, 43), the autocrine ErbB2/ Stat3 pathway (27), the transforming growth factor-a/epidermal growth factor receptor/Stat3 pathway (20), and the mutant epidermal growth factor receptor/Stat3 pathway (44).”
BackgroundSTAT3 can be activated through paracrine signaling in breast epithelial cells
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“a skin vascular permeability (Miles) assay (7, 27, 36, 37).”
BackgroundStat3 up-regulates expression of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase in human cancer cells
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“In addition, the function of lysosomes is impaired by the ingestion of UV-light treated POS, which induces the secretion of VEGF and IL-6 in the RPE (Lueck et al., 2012), which may, in turn, induce VEGF via an autocrine pathway (Nakahara et al., 2003; Yeh et al., 2006).”
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“In lung cancer, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activation is important for tumour development and promotion (Song et al, 2003; Yeh et al, 2006).”
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“It has been established that IL-6 induced STAT3 activation and contributes to the lung carcinogenesis and metastasis (33).”
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Cytokine Plasma Levels: Reliable Predictors for Radiation Pneumonitis?
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“In NSCLC cell lines IL-6 has been shown to be involved in tumour cell proliferation, in tumour promotion and progression [50,51,52,53,54,55,56].”
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“Inhibition of STAT3 in human PC14PE6/AS2 lung adenocarcinoma cells reduces tumor-associated VEGF expression, angiogenesis, and vascular permeability [49], while pharmacologic inhibition or siRNA-mediated interference of JAK2/STAT3 signaling in A549 NSCLC cells impairs angiogenesis by decreasing VEGF expression [45,50].”
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“For examples, IL-6 promotes cancer cell proliferation and recent studies showed that IL-6 also contributed to cancer cell malignant properties and effusion respectively in lung and breast cancer[43,44]; TGF-b induces cancer cell invasion and EMT in breast cancer[27,45]; VEGF and MMP9 are also regarded as indispensable…”
BackgroundSuppressing STAT3 activity protects the endothelial barrier from VEGF-mediated vascular permeability
Wang, L., Astone, M., Alam, S. K., Zhu, Z., Pei, W., Frank, D., Burgess, S., & Hoeppner, L. H. (2020) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.10.27.358374 · Cited by 67
“Prior studies suggest other permeability inducers, such as IL-6, IgG, IgE, histamine, lipopolysaccharides, and eotaxin, mediate vascular permeability through STAT3 signaling 25,55-61 .”
STAT3 and metabolism: How many ways to use a single molecule?
Demaria, M., Camporeale, A., & Poli, V. (2014) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.28767 · Cited by 69
“However, S-P can be detected on STAT3 in the absence of Y-P, and its levels correlate with the Gleason score in prostate cancer and with an estrogen receptor (ER) negative status and high tumor stage in breast cancer.(30,31) Although most of these reports correlate S-P with transcriptional activity, a novel, non-trans…”
Host-derived interleukin-5 promotes adenocarcinoma-induced malignant pleural effusion.
Stathopoulos, G., Sherrill, T., Karabela, S. P., Goleniewska, K., Kalomenidis, I., Roussos, C., Fingleton, B., Yull, F., Peebles, R., & Blackwell, T. (2010) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201001-0001oc · Cited by 67
Therapeutic Implication of SOCS1 Modulation in the Treatment of Autoimmunity and Cancer
Sharma, J., & Larkin, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.00324 · Cited by 77
“However, under pathological conditions activated STAT3 has been implicated in hematological and non-hematological tumors, largely through promotion of autocrine IL-6 signaling and secretion that drives cancer progression and multidrug resistance (Koudstaal et al., 1967; Buettner et al., 2002; Yu and Jove, 2004; Yeh et…”
BackgroundMutant B-RAF-Mcl-1 survival signaling depends on the STAT3 transcription factor
Becker, T. M., Boyd, S., Mijatov, B., Gowrishankar, K., Snoyman, S., Pupo, G. M., Scolyer, R. A., Mann, G. J., Kefford, R. F., Zhang, X. D., et al. (2013) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/onc.2013.45 · Cited by 72
Lewis, K. M., Bharadwaj, U., Eckols, T. K., Kolosov, M., Kasembeli, M. M., Fridley, C., Siller, R., & Tweardy, D. J. (2015) · Lung Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2015.09.014 · Cited by 63
The intersection of COVID-19 and cancer: signaling pathways and treatment implications
Zong, Z., Wei, Y., Ren, J., Zhang, L., & Zhou, F. (2021) · Molecular Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12943-021-01363-1 · Cited by 74
“For example, exposure to carcinogens, such as cigarette smoking, has been shown to induce mutations in KRAS, which in turn boost IL-6 expression levels in the lung epithelium, facilitating lung adenocarcinoma pathogenesis through the JAK/STAT3 pathway [61, 62].”
BackgroundYeh, H.-H., Chang, W.-T., Lu, K.-C., Lai, W., Liu, H.-S., & Su, W. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075287 · Cited by 58
Self-citationWu, D., Tsai, L., Chen, P.-M., Lee, M.-C., Wang, L., Chen, C., Cheng, Y., & Lee, H. (2012) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.07.032 · Cited by 56
“This is especially the case for adenocarcinoma with epidermal growth factor receptor mutation, which suggests that IL-6 is a key player in lung adenocarcinoma tumorigenesis.(54,55) A recent report using IKK and IL-6 knockout mice demonstrated that IKK /NF- B activation controls the development of liver metastasis by w…”
BackgroundIhara, S., Kida, H., Arase, H., Tripathi, L. P., Chen, Y., Kimura, T., Yoshida, M., Kashiwa, Y., Hirata, H., Fukamizu, R., et al. (2012) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-4062 · Cited by 56
Vascular Changes and Hypoxia in Periodontal Disease as a Link to Systemic Complications
Çelik, D. T., & Kantarcı, A. (2021) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens10101280 · Cited by 71
Kuang, Y., Guo, W., Jing, L., Xu, D., Liao, Y., Zhao, H., Du, X., Wang, H., Xu, M., Song, H., et al. (2019) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-019-1528-y · Cited by 62
Huang, Q.-F., Zhang, Z., Liao, Y.-D., Liu, C., Fan, S., Wei, X., Ai, B., & Xiong, J. (2018) · Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · doi:10.1186/s13046-018-0804-5 · Cited by 55
Rapid isolation and detection of cancer cells by utilizing integrated microfluidic systems.
Lien, K., Chuang, Y.-H., Hung, L.-Y., Hsu, K.-F., Lai, W.-W., Ho, C., Chou, C.-Y., & Lee, G.-B. (2010) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/c005178k · Cited by 55
Self-citationIL-6 family cytokines in respiratory health and disease
Dawson, R., Jenkins, B. J., & Saad, M. I. (2021) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155520 · Cited by 68
The Akt1/IL-6/STAT3 pathway regulates growth of lung tumor initiating cells
Malanga, D., Marco, C. D., Guerriero, I., Colelli, F., Rinaldo, N., Scrima, M., Mirante, T., Vitis, C. D., Zoppoli, P., Ceccarelli, M., et al. (2015) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.5626 · Cited by 49
“In fact, although the most prominent role of IL-6 is to regulate immune and inflammatory responses [47], IL-6 has also been implicated in the regulation of growth, drug resistance and metastatic spread of tumors [48, 49].”
Thayil, S., Albini, T., Nazari, H., Moshfeghi, A., Parel, J., Rao, N., & Karakousis, P. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028383 · Cited by 50
“VEGF is upregulated by inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 [9], tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) [10], and IL-8 [11], and may play a major role in inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis [12], asthma [13], Churg-Strauss syndrome [14] and Behcet’s disease [15].”
BackgroundMetformin reverses mesenchymal phenotype of primary breast cancer cells through STAT3/NF-κB pathways
Esparza‐López, J., Alvarado-Muñoz, J. F., Escobar-Arriaga, E., Ulloa‐Aguirre, A., & Ibarra-Sánchez, M. D. J. (2019) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-019-5945-1 · Cited by 63
Regulation of tumor angiogenesis by the local environment
Hall, K. L. (2009) · Frontiers in bioscience · doi:10.2741/3615 · Cited by 50
Su, W.-P., Lo, Y.-C., Yan, J., Liao, I., Tsai, P.-J., Wang, H., Yeh, H.-H., Lin, C., Chen, H. H. W., Lai, W., et al. (2012) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/bgs253 · Cited by 45
“We established the human lung adenocarcinoma PC14PE6/AS2 (AS2) cell line, which has increased metastatic susceptibility and constitutively activated endogenous Stat3, in our laboratory (23).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationTocilizumab inhibits neuronal cell apoptosis and activates STAT3 in cerebral infarction rat model
Wang, S.-J., Zhou, J., Kang, W.-J., Dong, Z., & Wang, H. (2016) · Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences · doi:10.17305/bjbms.2016.853 · Cited by 46
“Another important regulatory relationship regarding STAT3 is that IL-6 plays vital roles in activating STAT3, which is crucial for the blocked apoptosis during inflammatory processes, as well as the pathogenesis of diseases [24], such as lung adenocarcinoma and malignant pleural effusion [25].”
Zoledronic Acid Is Effective against Experimental Malignant Pleural Effusion
Stathopoulos, G. T., Moschos, C., Loutrari, H. V., Kollintza, A., Psallidas, I., Karabela, S. P., Magkouta, S., Zhou, Z., Papiris, S. A., Roussos, C., et al. (2008) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.200710-1513oc · Cited by 49
Ervin, E.-H., French, R., Chang, C., & Pauklin, S. (2022) · Seminars in Cancer Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.11.001 · Cited by 53
Takada, K., Okamoto, T., Tominaga, M., Teraishi, K., Akamine, T., Takamori, S., Katsura, M., Toyokawa, G., Shoji, F., Okamoto, M., et al. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0181598 · Cited by 48
Glycosylation regulates the function and membrane localization of KCC4
Weng, T.-Y., Chiu, W., Liu, H., Cheng, H.-C., Shen, M., Mount, D. B., & Chou, C.-Y. (2013) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.01.018 · Cited by 49
Self-citationSchütz, A., Röser, K., Klitzsch, J., Lieder, F., Aberger, F., Gruber, W., Mueller, K. M., Pupyshev, A. B., Moriggl, R., & Friedrich, K. (2015) · Translational Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.tranon.2015.02.002 · Cited by 45
“For instance, IL-6 and its receptor were implicated in the progression of non–small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) [12] and were shown to induce enhanced STAT3 activity [13,14].”
BackgroundAiroldi, I., Carlo, E. D., Cocco, C., Caci, E., Cilli, M., Sorrentino, C., Sozzi, G., Ferrini, S., Rosini, S., Bertolini, G., et al. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006119 · Cited by 42
“IL-6 promotes lung cancer growth and metastasis [11,13] and we [10] have demonstrated that IL-12 dampens IL-6 production in mouse splenocytes.”
BackgroundAryappalli, P., Shabbiri, K., Masad, R. J., Al-Marri, R. H., Haneefa, S. M., Mohamed, Y. A., Arafat, K., Attoub, S., Cabral-Marques, O., Ramadi, K. B., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20184340 · Cited by 45
Chen, Y.-F., Chou, C.-Y., Wilkins, R., Ellory, J., Mount, D., & Shen, M. (2009) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-2284 · Cited by 40
Proteomic-Based Approaches for the Study of Cytokines in Lung Cancer
Marrugal, Á., Ojeda, L., Paz-Ares, L. G., Molina‐Pinelo, S., & Ferrer, I. (2016) · Disease Markers · doi:10.1155/2016/2138627 · Cited by 38
“It has been shown that IL-6 displays carcinogenic effects through the activation of the STAT3 pathway [84, 85, 93, 94].”
BackgroundHung, C.-H., Wu, S., Yao, C.-I., Yeh, H.-H., Lin, C., Chu, C., Huang, T.-Y., Shen, M., Lin, C., & Su, W. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-51831-7 · Cited by 35
“Large quantities of IL6 in malignant pleural effusions (MPEs) have been reported in lung cancer patients 39 ; thus, we isolated lung adenocarcinoma cells from the MPEs (termed “ MPECs ” ) of 15 NSCLC patients to study the glycosylation pattern of lung cancer cell-derived IL6.”
Self-citationDDIAS promotes STAT3 activation by preventing STAT3 recruitment to PTPRM in lung cancer cells
Im, J., Kim, B., Lee, K., Chun, S.-Y., Kang, M., & Won, M. (2020) · Oncogenesis · doi:10.1038/s41389-019-0187-2 · Cited by 48
Malignant pleural fluid from mesothelioma has potent biological activities
Hui, M.-C.-A., Lansley, S., della Vergiliana, J. V. D., Tan, A.-L., Thomas, R., Leong, S., Creaney, J., & Lee, Y. C. G. (2017) · Respirology (Carlton South. Print) · doi:10.1111/resp.12874 · Cited by 38
Gender Dependence for a Subset of the Low-Abundance Signaling Proteome in Human Platelets
Eidelman, O., Jozwik, C., Huang, W., Srivastava, M., Rothwell, S., Jacobowitz, D., Ji, X., Zhang, X., Guggino, W., Wright, J. M., et al. (2010) · Human Genomics and Proteomics · doi:10.4061/2010/164906 · Cited by 37
Komiya, K., Sueoka‐Aragane, N., Sato, A., Hisatomi, T., Sakuragi, T., Mitsuoka, M., Sato, T., Hayashi, S., Izumi, H., Tsuneoka, M., et al. (2009) · Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1007/s00432-009-0679-0 · Cited by 38
Wang, C.-Y., Lin, Y.-S., Su, W., Chen, C.-L., & Lin, C.-O.-F. (2009) · Molecular Biology of the Cell · doi:10.1091/mbc.e09-02-0174 · Cited by 36
“To develop a tumor model as described previously (Yeh et al., 2006), A549 cells in suspension (1 106 cells/0.”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationSun, C., Yang, J., Cheng, H.-B., Shen, W., Jiang, Z.-Q., Wu, M.-J., Li, L., Li, W.-T., Chen, T.-T., Rao, X., et al. (2019) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152848 · Cited by 35
Stabile, L. P., Farooqui, M., Kanterewicz, B. I., Abberbock, S. R., Kurland, B. F., Diergaarde, B. B., & Siegfried, J. M. (2017) · Journal of Thoracic Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.jtho.2017.11.126 · Cited by 42
Metadata
- Authors
- Yeh, H.-H., Lai, W.-W., Chen, H. H. W., Liu, H.-S., & Su, W.-C.
- Affiliations
- National Cheng Kung University (TW)
- National Cheng Kung University Hospital (TW)
- Corresponding author
- Liu, H-S
- Su, W-C
- ORCID
- Su, W-C
- Venue
- Oncogene
- Published
- 2006-03-06
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 31
- Pages
- 4300-4309
- ISSN
- 0950-9232 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5594
- OpenAlex
- W2022200777
- Cited by
- 230
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 6.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Oncogene (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Cytokine Signaling Pathways and Interactions
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Angiogenesis and VEGF in Cancer
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Pleural and Pulmonary Diseases
- Keywords
- malignant pleural effusion, lung adenocarcinoma, interleukin-6, STAT3 activation, autocrine signaling, vascular endothelial growth factor, JAK signaling, non-small cell lung cancer, lung metastasis, tumor angiogenesis, pleural fluid biomarkers, microvessel density, vascular permeability
- MeSH terms
- Adenocarcinoma, Animals, Female, Humans, Lung Neoplasms, Male, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Mice, Nude, Interleukin-6, Pleural Effusion, Malignant, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A, Cell Line, Tumor, STAT3 Transcription Factor, Mice
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