Non-invasive analysis of intestinal development in preterm and term infants using RNA-Sequencing
Open accessAbstract
The state and development of the intestinal epithelium is vital for infant health, and increased understanding in this area has been limited by an inability to directly assess epithelial cell biology in the healthy newborn intestine. To that end, we have developed a novel, noninvasive, molecular approach that utilizes next generation RNA sequencing on stool samples containing intact epithelial cells for the purpose of quantifying intestinal gene expression. We then applied this technique to compare host gene expression in healthy term and extremely preterm infants. Bioinformatic analyses demonstrate repeatable detection of human mRNA expression, and network analysis shows immune cell function and inflammation pathways to be up-regulated in preterm infants. This study provides incontrovertible evidence that whole-genome sequencing of stool-derived RNA can be used to examine the neonatal host epithelial transcriptome in infants, which opens up opportunities for sequential monitoring of gut gene expression in response to dietary or therapeutic interventions.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Fecal exfoliome and host-microbial network analyses linked unfavorable taxa in non-responders to an LPS-dependent inflammatory signature including CXCL8/IL-8, IL-1β and TNF.
“Analysis of the fecal exfoliome25 and network analysis integrating host and microbial data linked the presence of unfavorable taxa in NRs with an LPS-dependent inflammatory signature encompassing cytokines either directly or indirectly implicated in immune suppression, including CXCL8/interleukin (IL)-8, IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor.”
From Intestinal microbiota signatures of clinical response and immune-related adverse events in melanoma patients treated with anti-PD-1 (2022) · cites this paper as [25]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler transform
Li, H., & Durbin, R. (2009) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btp324 · Cited by 58,607 · see citing works
STAR: ultrafast universal RNA-seq aligner
Dobin, A., Davis, C. A., Schlesinger, F., Drenkow, J., Zaleski, C., Jha, S., Batut, P., Chaisson, M., & Gingeras, T. R. (2013) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bts635 · Cited by 51,709 · see citing works
The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools
Quast, C., Pruesse, E., Yilmaz, P., Gerken, J., Schweer, T., Yarza, P., Peplies, J., & Glöckner, F. O. (2012) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gks1219 · Cited by 33,055 · see citing works
Trapnell, C., Williams, B. A., Pertea, G., Mortazavi, A., Kwan, G., van Baren, M. J., Salzberg, S. L., Wold, B. J., & Pachter, L. (2010) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.1621 · Cited by 15,556 · see citing works
Robinson, J. T., Thorvaldsdóttir, H., Winckler, W., Guttman, M., Lander, E. S., Getz, G., & Mesirov, J. P. (2011) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.1754 · Cited by 15,390 · see citing works
TopHat: discovering splice junctions with RNA-Seq
Trapnell, C., Pachter, L. S., & Salzberg, S. L. (2009) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btp120 · Cited by 11,477 · see citing works
RNA-seq: An assessment of technical reproducibility and comparison with gene expression arrays
Marioni, J. C., Mason, C. E., Mane, S. M., Stephens, M., & Gilad, Y. (2008) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.079558.108 · Cited by 2,771 · see citing works
Human nutrition, the gut microbiome and the immune system
Kau, A. L., Ahern, P. P., Griffin, N. W., Goodman, A. L., & Gordon, J. I. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10213 · Cited by 2,588 · see citing works
Human housekeeping genes, revisited
Eisenberg, E., & Levanon, E. Y. (2013) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.tig.2013.05.010 · Cited by 1,249 · see citing works
Nanthakumar, N. N., Fusunyan, R. D., Sanderson, I. R., & Walker, W. A. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.97.11.6043 · Cited by 448 · see citing works
Establishment and development of intestinal microbiota in preterm neonates
Arboleya, S., Binetti, A. G., Salazar, N., Fernández, N., Sánchez, G. S., Hernández‐Barranco, A. M., Margollés, A., Reyes‐Gavilán, C. G. D. L., & Gueimonde, M. (2011) · FEMS Microbiology Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01261.x · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Nanthakumar, N. N., Meng, D., Goldstein, A. M., Zhu, W., Lu, L., Uauy, R. D., Llanos, A. R., Claud, E. C., & Walker, W. A. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017776 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
The host selects mucosal and luminal associations of coevolved gut microorganisms: a novel concept
den Abbeele, P. V., de Wiele, T. V., Verstraete, W., & Possemiers, S. (2011) · FEMS Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00270.x · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Schwartz, S., Friedberg, I., Ivanov, I. V., Davidson, L. A., Goldsby, J. S., Dahl, D. B., Herman, D., Wang, M., Donovan, S. M., & Chapkin, R. S. (2012) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2012-13-4-r32 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Self-citationGastrointestinal development and meeting the nutritional needs of premature infants
Neu, J. (2007) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/85.2.629s · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Faster and More Accurate Sequence Alignment with SNAPPreprint
Zaharia, M., Bolosky, W. J., Curtis, K., Fox, A., Patterson, D. A., Shenker, S. J., Stoica, I. G., Karp, R. M., & Sittler, T. (2011) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1111.5572 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Claud, E. C., Lu, L., Anton, P. M., Savidge, T., Walker, W. A., & Cherayil, B. J. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0401710101 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Kerick, M., Isau, M., Timmermann, B., Sültmann, H., Herwig, R., Krobitsch, S., Schaefer, G., Verdorfer, I., Bartsch, G. H., Klocker, H., et al. (2011) · BMC Medical Genomics · doi:10.1186/1755-8794-4-68 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Transcriptome profiling of the small intestinal epithelium in germfree versus conventional piglets
Chowdhury, S. R., King, D. E., Willing, B., Band, M., Beever, J., Lane, A. B., Loor, J., Marini, J., Rund, L., Schook, L., et al. (2007) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/1471-2164-8-215 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Effects of Tissue Handling on RNA Integrity and Microarray Measurements From Resected Breast Cancers
Hatzis, C., Sun, H., Yao, H., Hubbard, R. E., Meric‐Bernstam, F., Babiera, G. V., Wu, Y., Pusztai, L., & Symmans, W. F. (2011) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djr438 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Role of human milk components in gastrointestinal development: Current knowledge and future NEEDS
Donovan, S. M. (2006) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.06.052 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citationWood, H. M., Belvedere, O., Conway, C., Daly, C. L., Chalkley, R., Bickerdike, M., McKinley, C. E., Egan, P., Ross, L., Hayward, B. E., et al. (2010) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkq510 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Self-citationHost-Microbe Interactions in the Neonatal Intestine: Role of Human Milk Oligosaccharides
Donovan, S. M., Wang, M., Li, M., Friedberg, I., Schwartz, S., & Chapkin, R. S. (2012) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.112.001859 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationBacterial Colonization, Probiotics, and Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Claud, E. C., & Walker, W. A. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/mcg.0b013e31815a57a8 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Development of the Infant Intestine: Implications for Nutrition Support
Commare, C. E., & Tappenden, K. A. (2007) · Nutrition in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1177/0115426507022002159 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Chapkin, R. S., Zhao, C., Ivanov, I. V., Davidson, L. A., Goldsby, J. S., Lupton, J. R., Mathai, R. A., Monaco, M. H., Rai, D., Russell, W. M., et al. (2010) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00004.2010 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationHigh-throughput quantification of splicing isoforms
Brosseau, J., Lucier, J., Lapointe, E., Durand, M., Gendron, D., Gervais-Bird, J., Tremblay, K., Perreault, J., & Elela, S. A. (2009) · RNA · doi:10.1261/rna.1877010 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Davidson, L. A., Lupton, J. R., Miskovsky, E. P., Fields, A. P., & Chapkin, R. S. (2003) · Biomarkers · doi:10.1080/1354750021000042268 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationZeissig, S., Fromm, A., Mankertz, J., Weiske, J., Zeitz, M., Fromm, M., & Schulzke, J. (2007) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2006.10.033 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Nutritional Modulation of Neonatal Outcomes
Diehl‐Jones, W. L., & Askin, D. F. (2004) · AACN Clinical Issues Advanced Practice in Acute & Critical Care · doi:10.1097/00044067-200401000-00007 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Noninvasive detection of putative biomarkers for colon cancer using fecal messenger RNA.
Davidson, L. A., Jiang, Y.-H., Lupton, J. R., & Chapkin, R. S. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationZhao, C., Ivanov, I. V., Dougherty, E. R., Hartman, T. J., Lanza, E., Bobe, G., Colburn, N. H., Lupton, J. R., Davidson, L. A., & Chapkin, R. S. (2009) · Cancer Prevention Research · doi:10.1158/1940-6207.capr-08-0233 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationTriff, K., Konganti, K., Gaddis, S., Zhou, B., Ivanov, I. V., & Chapkin, R. S. (2013) · Physiological Genomics · doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00136.2013 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationDavidson, L. A., Wang, N., Ivanov, I. V., Goldsby, J. S., Lupton, J. R., & Chapkin, R. S. (2009) · Cancer Prevention Research · doi:10.1158/1940-6207.capr-09-0144 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationTremblay, É., Ferretti, E., Babakissa, C., Seidman, E. G., Levy, E. H., Ménard, D., & Beaulieu, J. (2011) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/mpg.0b013e3182078370 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
McCulloch, J. A., Davar, D., Rodrigues, R. R., Badger, J. H., Fang, J. R., Cole, A. M., Balaji, A. K., Vetizou, M., Prescott, S. M., Fernandes, M. R., et al. (2022) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-022-01698-2 · Cited by 472 · see citing works
Torow, N., & Hornef, M. W. (2017) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1601253 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Selway, C. A., Mills, J. G., Weinstein, P., Skelly, C., Yadav, S., Lowe, A. J., Breed, M. F., & Weyrich, L. S. (2020) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.106084 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Snyder‐Mackler, N., Majoros, W. H., Yuan, M. S., Shaver, A. O., Gordon, J. B., Kopp, G. H., Schlebusch, S. A., Wall, J. D., Alberts, S. C., Mukherjee, S., et al. (2016) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.116.187492 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Sepsis and Oxidative Stress in the Newborn: From Pathogenesis to Novel Therapeutic Targets
Poggi, C., & Dani, C. (2018) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2018/9390140 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Yu, J., Ordiz, M. I., Stauber, J., Shaikh, N., Trehan, I., Barnell, E. K., Head, R. D., Maleta, K. M., Tarr, P. I., & MANARY, M. J. (2015) · Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jcmgh.2015.12.002 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Zwittink, R. D., van Zoeren‐Grobben, D., Martı́n, R., van Lingen, R. A., Jebbink, L. J. G., Boeren, S. A., Renes, I. B., van Elburg, R. M., Belzer, C., & Knol, J. (2017) · Molecular & Cellular Proteomics · doi:10.1074/mcp.ra117.000102 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Cernada, M., Bäuerl, C., Serna, E., Collado, M. C., Pérez‐Martínez, G., & Vento, M. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep25497 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Dohlman, A. B., & Shen, X. (2019) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1177/1535370219836771 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Guo, X., Chen, X., Wang, J., Liu, Z., Gaile, D. P., Wu, H., Yu, G., Mao, G., Yang, Z., Di, Z., et al. (2018) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2018.06.024 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Nutrient-Gene Interaction in Colon Cancer, from the Membrane to Cellular Physiology
Hou, T. Y., Davidson, L. A., Kim, E., Fan, Y., Fuentes, N. R., Triff, K., & Chapkin, R. S. (2016) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071715-051039 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationNoninvasive molecular fingerprinting of host–microbiome interactions in neonates
Donovan, S. M., Wang, M., Monaco, M. H., Martin, C. R., Davidson, L. A., Ivanov, I. V., & Chapkin, R. S. (2014) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2014.07.008 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationExploring hyperspectral imaging data sets with topological data analysis
Duponchel, L. (2017) · Analytica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.aca.2017.11.029 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Sampath, V., Martinez, M., Caplan, M. S., Underwood, M. A., & Cuna, A. C. (2023) · Mucosal Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.mucimm.2023.02.002 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Furchtgott, L., Melton, S., Menon, V., & Ramanathan, S. (2017) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.20488 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Bernstein, R. M., & Hinde, K. (2016) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.22544 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Whitfield-Cargile, C., Cohen, N. D., He, K., Ivanov, I. V., Goldsby, J. S., Chamoun‐Emanuelli, A. M., Weeks, B. R., Davidson, L. A., & Chapkin, R. S. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-13999-5 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationYang, T., & Liu, X. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep17783 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Transforming growth factor beta signaling and decidual integrity in mice†
Fang, X. D., Ni, N., Gao, Y., Lydon, J. P., Ivanov, I. V., Rijnkels, M., Bayless, K. J., & Li, Q. (2020) · Biology of Reproduction · doi:10.1093/biolre/ioaa155 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationFuzzy set intersection based paired-end short-read alignmentPreprint
Bolosky, W. J., Subramaniyan, A. K., Zaharia, M., Pandya, R., Sittler, T., & Patterson, D. A. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.11.23.469039 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Knight, J. M., Kim, E., Ivanov, I. V., Davidson, L. A., Goldsby, J. S., Hullar, M. A. J., Randolph, T. W., Kaz, A. M., Levy, L., Lampe, J. W., et al. (2016) · Physiological Genomics · doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00023.2016 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationMapping gastrointestinal gene expression patterns in wild primates and humans via fecal RNA-seq
Sharma, A. K., Pafčo, B., Vlčková, K., Červená, B., Kreisinger, J., Davison, S., Beeri, K., Fuh, T. N., Leigh, S. R., Burns, M. B., et al. (2019) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-019-5813-z · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Schlaberg, R., Barrett, A., Edes, K., Graves, M., Paul, L., Rychert, J. A., Lopansri, B. K., & Leung, D. T. (2018) · Pathogens and Immunity · doi:10.20411/pai.v3i2.250 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
He, K., Donovan, S. M., Ivanov, I. V., Goldsby, J. S., Davidson, L. A., & Chapkin, R. S. (2020) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms8122032 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationYoon, G., Davidson, L. A., Goldsby, J. S., Mullens, D. A., Ivanov, I. V., Donovan, S. M., & Chapkin, R. S. (2021) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00017.2021 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationNon-invasive evaluation of the equine gastrointestinal mucosal transcriptome
Coleman, M. C., Whitfield-Cargile, C., Cohen, N. D., Goldsby, J. S., Davidson, L. A., Chamoun‐Emanuelli, A. M., Ivanov, I. V., Eades, S. C., Ing, N. H., & Chapkin, R. S. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0229797 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationLlorca, A. P., Gormáz, M., Lorente-Pozo, S., Cernada, M., García-Robles, A. A., Torres-Cuevas, I., Kuligowski, J., Collado, M. C., Serna, E., & Vento, M. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11112677 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Nouadi, B., Sbaoui, Y., Messal, M. E., Bennis, F., & Chegdani, F. (2020) · Bioinformatics and Biology Insights · doi:10.1177/1177932220906168 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Bioinformatics approaches to single-blastomere transcriptomics
Taher, L., Pfeiffer, M. J., & Fuellen, G. (2014) · Molecular Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/molehr/gau083 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Intestinal Microbiota Studies in Preterm Infants
Neu, J. (2015) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/mpg.0000000000001068 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Modulation of intestinal TLR4 expression in infants with neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome
Barnett, R. C., Lewis, A. N., Gong, Q., Preston, D. L., Frazer, L. C., Werthammer, J. W., & Good, M. L. (2023) · Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1038/s41372-023-01859-2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Fecal exfoliome sequencing captures immune dynamics of the healthy and inflamed gut
Huang, Y., Sun, Y., Ronda, C., Mavros, C. F., Li, J., Jacobse, J., Huang, L., Resnick, S. J., Giddins, M. J., Freedberg, D. E., et al. (2025) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-025-02894-4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Infant nutrition and the microbiome
Wang, M., Ivanov, I. V., Davidson, L. A., Chapkin, R. S., & Donovan, S. M. (2017) · doi:10.1002/9781119101277.ch11 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationStool shed cell transcriptomics mirrors tumor biology and enables colorectal cancer diagnosis
Halpern, K. B., Kent, I., Yakubovsky, O., Ben‐Moshe, S., Barkai, T., Fine, M., Novoselsky, R., Israeli, A., Nachmany, I., & Itzkovitz, S. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-17411-5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Chen, Y., Kim, B. J., & Dallas, D. C. (2021) · Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · doi:10.1002/jpen.2285 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Optimizing protocols for microRNA profiling of infant and toddler stool
Armstrong, D. A., Soucy, S. M., Muse, M. E., Kolling, F., Trask, H. W., Howell, A. L., Laue, H. E., Hoen, A. G., Gui, J., Christensen, B. C., et al. (2026) · RNA Biology · doi:10.1080/15476286.2026.2634198
- Authors
- Knight, J. M., Davidson, L. A., Herman, D., Martin, C. R., Goldsby, J. S., Ivanov, I. V., Donovan, S. M., & Chapkin, R. S.
- Affiliations
- Texas A&M University (US)
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (US)
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Texas A&M University System (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chapkin, Robert S.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2014-06-26
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 5453-5453
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4071321
- OpenAlex
- W2103144203
- Cited by
- 36
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 4.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- OakTrust (Texas A&M University Libraries) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Agriculture (2010–34402-20875)
- National Institute of Food and Agriculture (2010‐34402‐20875)
- National Cancer Institute (T32CA090301, CA-129444, R25CA090301, U01CA162077, R01CA129444)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P30ES023512)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD061929, HD61929)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Infant Nutrition and Health
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics
- Keywords
- intestinal development, preterm infants, term infants, intestinal epithelium, immune cell function, inflammatory signaling, extremely preterm birth
- MeSH terms
- Feces, Female, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Premature, Intestinal Mucosa, Male, RNA, Sequence Analysis, RNA, Proteome, Gene Expression Profiling
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
