Spheroidal carbonaceous particles are a defining stratigraphic marker for the Anthropocene
Open accessAbstract
There has been recent debate over stratigraphic markers used to demarcate the Anthropocene from the Holocene Epoch. However, many of the proposed markers are found only in limited areas of the world or do not reflect human impacts on the environment. Here we show that spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCPs), a distinct form of black carbon produced from burning fossil fuels in energy production and heavy industry, provide unambiguous stratigraphic markers of the human activities that have rapidly changed planet Earth over the last century. SCPs are found in terrestrial and marine sediments or ice cores in every continent, including remote areas such as the high Arctic and Antarctica. The rapid increase in SCPs mostly occurs in the mid-twentieth century and is contemporaneous with the ‘Great Acceleration’. It therefore reflects the intensification of fossil fuel usage and can be traced across the globe. We integrate global records of SCPs and propose that the global rapid increase in SCPs in sedimentary records can be used to inform a Global Standard Stratigraphic Age for the Anthropocene. A high-resolution SCP sequence from a lake or peatland may provide the much-needed ‘Golden Spike’ (Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point).
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Spherical carbonaceous particles show near-synchronous global increase around 1950 C.E., with peak signatures from the 1960s-1990s.
“SCPs, first recorded in various sites in the UK from 1830-1860 C.E., show near-synchronous global increase around 1950 C.E., with peak signatures from the 1960's-1990's ( 32, 33 ; Fig. 2B).”
From The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene (2016) · cites this paper as [33]
The paper’s main text states that British SCP records commonly begin in AD 1830–1860 and that their rapid increase occurred around AD 1950–1960s. It also describes the rapid increase as a mid-twentieth-century global signature. The passage on peak concentration says its timing varies spatially, but does not establish peaks specifically in the 1960s–1990s. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Liu, R., Gandois, L., Hagelskjær, O., Azémar, F., Rose, N. L., & Roux, G. L. (2026) · Water Air & Soil Pollution · doi:10.1007/s11270-026-09121-z · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Irvine, R. D. G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108867450.005 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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With, K. A. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198838388.003.0009 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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With, K. A. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198838388.003.0004 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Irvine, R. D. G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108867450.006
Antropozenoa: "Urre koloreko iltze"-aren bila
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Irvine, R. D. G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108867450.002
(2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108621359.008
Irvine, R. D. G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108867450.001
Irvine, R. D. G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108867450.009
Irvine, R. D. G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108867450.004
Irvine, R. D. G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108867450.008
Irvine, R. D. G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108867450.010
Stratigraphic Signatures of the Anthropocene
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Arguments for a formal Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point for the Anthropocene
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With, K. A. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198838388.003.0006
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- Authors
- Swindles, G. T., Watson, E., Turner, T. E., Galloway, J. M., Hadlari, T., Wheeler, J., & Bacon, K. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Leeds (GB)
- Geological Survey of Canada (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Swindles, Graeme T.
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2015-05-28
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 10264-10264
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4603698
- OpenAlex
- W1947362175
- Cited by
- 110
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 5.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Aberystwyth University
- Natural Environment Research Council (NE/G52398X/1, 1226059)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil and Environmental Studies
- Keywords
- spheroidal carbonaceous particles, Anthropocene, stratigraphic markers, black carbon, fossil fuel combustion, Great Acceleration, GSSP, ice cores, peatlands, lake sediments, anthropogenic impacts
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