Is there an isotopic signature of the Anthropocene?
Open accessAbstract
We consider whether the Anthropocene is recorded in the isotope geochemistry of the atmosphere, sediments, plants and ice cores, and the time frame during which any changes are recorded, presenting examples from the literature. Carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios have become more depleted since the 19th century, with the rate of change accelerating after ~ad 1950, linked to increased emissions from fossil fuel consumption and increased production of fertiliser. Lead isotope ratios demonstrate human pollution histories several millennia into the past, while sulphur isotopes can be used to trace the sources of acid rain. Radioisotopes have been detectable across the planet since the 1950s because of atmospheric nuclear bomb tests and can be used as a stratigraphic marker. We find there is isotopic evidence of widespread human impact on the global environment, but different isotopes have registered changes at different times and at different rates.
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Fallout from thermonuclear weapon tests that began in 1952 C.E. and peaked in 1961-1962 C.E. left a clear and global signature, concentrated in the mid-latitudes and maximal in the Northern Hemisphere where most testing occurred.
“Fallout from thermonuclear weapon tests that began in 1952 C.E. and peaked in 1961 -1962 C.E. left a clear and global signature, concentrated in the mid-latitudes and maximal in the Northern Hemisphere where most testing occurred ( 47, 60, 61 ; Fig. 4B).”
From The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene (2016) · cites this paper as [47]
The Radioisotopes section says bomb-derived isotopes became detectable around 1952, and Figure 6 (p. 284) says atmospheric test yield peaked in 1962; the paper also describes a worldwide radioisotope signature. It does not establish that thermonuclear testing began in 1952 or peaked in both 1961 and 1962, nor does it state that fallout was concentrated in mid-latitudes and greatest in the Northern Hemisphere because most testing occurred there. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn Greenland ice, δ15N values declined more rapidly from ~1850 C.E., with the greatest decline between 1950-1980 C.E.
“In Greenland ice, δ 15 N values during Late Pleistocene glaciation show a gradual marked decline to a pre-industrial Holocene norm (mean 9.7 ‰ in GISP2 ice core; 55 ), declining again and more rapidly from ~1850 C.E. with the greatest decline between 19501980 C.E. ( 47, 56 ; Fig. 3A).”
From The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene (2016) · cites this paper as [47]
The 'Changes to the nitrogen cycle' section and Figure 3 caption (p. 284) describe declining δ15N in Greenland ice-core nitrate after about 1850, accelerating after about 1950. They do not identify 1950–1980 as the period of greatest decline. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLead smelting during Roman times resulted in a distinctive local marker of increased 207/206 Pb ratios, a signal that became evident globally from the early 20th century as a result of vehicles powered by leaded gasoline.
“Lead smelting during Roman times resulted in a distinctive local marker of increased 207/206 Pb ratios, a signal that became evident globally from the early 20 th century as a result of vehicles powered by leaded gasoline ( 47 ).”
From The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene (2016) · cites this paper as [47]
The Lead isotopes section (page not provided) reports a Roman-era decline in 206Pb/207Pb in Swedish sediments, associated with lead mining, and a further decline associated with leaded petrol; a decline in that ratio means an increase in the inverse 207Pb/206Pb ratio. It does not establish that the petrol-related signal became evident globally from the early 20th century: its dated petrol-related minimum is in the 1970s, in the Swedish record. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIndustrial metals such as Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn have been widely and rapidly dispersed since the mid-20th century, although many show much earlier and markedly diachronous signals associated with expansion of mineral extraction and processing.
“Industrial metals such as Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn have been widely and rapidly dispersed since the mid-20 th century, although many show much earlier and markedly diachronous signals associated with expansion of mineral extraction and processing ( 47, 58 ).”
From The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene (2016) · cites this paper as [47]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe large, short-lived increase in bomb-produced 14C production has left a marked signal in carbon-bearing matter formed after the onset of extensive nuclear tests after 1950 CE.
“Furthermore, the large, short-lived increase in bomb-produced 14 C production has left a marked signal in carbon-bearing matter formed after the onset of extensive nuclear tests after 1950 CE (Dean et al., 2014).”
From When did the Anthropocene begin? A mid-twentieth century boundary level is stratigraphically optimal (2015) · cites this paper as Dean et al., 2014
Elevated concentrations of polyaromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls and diverse pesticide residues each begin ~1945-1950 C.E.
“Among the many distinct geochemical signatures that human activities have introduced into the sedimentary record are elevated concentrations of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and diverse pesticide residues, each beginning ~1945-1950 C.E. ( 44-47 ).”
From The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene (2016) · cites this paper as [47]
The Lead isotopes and Radioisotopes sections discuss pollution markers in sediments and archives, but not PAHs, PCBs, or pesticide residues. Searches for those compounds and a 1945–1950 onset found no passage in our copy addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.75)
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The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene
Waters, C. N., Zalasiewicz, J., Summerhayes, C., Barnosky, A. D., Poirier, C., Gałuszka, A., Cearreta, A., Edgeworth, M., Ellis, E. C., Ellis, M., et al. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aad2622 · Cited by 2,375 · see citing works
“Industrialmetals such as cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, nickel, lead, and zinc have been widely and rapidly dispersed since the mid-20th century, although many show much earlier and markedly diachronous signals associated with the expansion of mineral extraction and processing (47, 58).”
BackgroundWhen did the Anthropocene begin? A mid-twentieth century boundary level is stratigraphically optimal
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- Authors
- Dean, J. R., Leng, M. J., & Mackay, A. W.
- Affiliations
- British Geological Survey (GB)
- University College London (GB)
- Venue
- The Anthropocene Review
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2014-07-15
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 276-287
- ISSN
- 2053-0196 (ISSN-L)
- 2053-020X
- OpenAlex
- W2148901242
- Cited by
- 76
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 7 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 4.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Anthropocene Review (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Repository@Hull (Worktribe) (University of Hull) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- NERC Open Research Archive (Natural Environment Research Council) (acceptedVersion)
- Repository@Hull (Worktribe) (University of Hull) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Nottingham
- British Geological Survey
- Natural Environment Research Council (nigl010001)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Groundwater and Isotope Geochemistry
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics
- Keywords
- Anthropocene, isotopic signatures, carbon isotope depletion, lead isotope ratios, sulfur isotopes, acid rain, radionuclides, nuclear weapons testing, stratigraphic markers, fossil fuel emissions, fertilizer production, anthropogenic impacts, isotope geochemistry
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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