Pelagic photoferrotrophy and iron cycling in a modern ferruginous basin
Open accessAbstract
Iron-rich (ferruginous) ocean chemistry prevailed throughout most of Earth's early history. Before the evolution and proliferation of oxygenic photosynthesis, biological production in the ferruginous oceans was likely driven by photoferrotrophic bacteria that oxidize ferrous iron {Fe(II)} to harness energy from sunlight, and fix inorganic carbon into biomass. Photoferrotrophs may thus have fuelled Earth's early biosphere providing energy to drive microbial growth and evolution over billions of years. Yet, photoferrotrophic activity has remained largely elusive on the modern Earth, leaving models for early biological production untested and imperative ecological context for the evolution of life missing. Here, we show that an active community of pelagic photoferrotrophs comprises up to 30% of the total microbial community in illuminated ferruginous waters of Kabuno Bay (KB), East Africa (DR Congo). These photoferrotrophs produce oxidized iron {Fe(III)} and biomass, and support a diverse pelagic microbial community including heterotrophic Fe(III)-reducers, sulfate reducers, fermenters and methanogens. At modest light levels, rates of photoferrotrophy in KB exceed those predicted for early Earth primary production, and are sufficient to generate Earth's largest sedimentary iron ore deposits. Fe cycling, however, is efficient, and complex microbial community interactions likely regulate Fe(III) and organic matter export from the photic zone.
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Photoferrotrophs have been identified in Kabuno Bay, Democratic Republic of Congo, a basin characterised by ferruginous conditions and by observed rates of Fe(II) oxidation that appear to exceed those required for IF deposition.
“Photoferrotrophs have also been identified in Kabuno Bay, Democratic Republic of Congo, a basin characterised by ferruginous conditions and by observed rates of Fe(II) oxidation that appear to exceed those required for IF deposition (Llirós et al., 2015).”
From Iron formations: A global record of Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic environmental history (2017) · cites this paper as Llirós et al., 2015
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Iron mineralogy across the oxycline of a lignite mine lake
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Phototrophic plankton of siderotrophic meromictic Lake Kuznechikha (Republic Mari El, Russia)
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Miralles‐Lorenzo, J., Picazo, A., Rochera, C., Morant, D., Casamayor, E. O., Menéndez‐Serra, M., & Camacho, A. (2025) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.71286 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Distribution of Dissolved Nitrogen Compounds in the Water Column of a Meromictic Subarctic Lake
Яркиевна, В. Т., Chupakova, A. А., Васильевич, Ч. А., Александровна, З. С., Moreva, O. Y., & Сергеевич, П. О. (2021) · Nitrogen · doi:10.3390/nitrogen2040029 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Swanner, E. D., Wuestner, M. L., Leung, T., Pust, J., Fatka, M., Lambrecht, N., Chmiel, H. E., & Strauß, H. (2022) · MicrobiologyOpen · doi:10.1002/mbo3.1287 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Pelagic Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses
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Cryptic iron cycling influenced by organic carbon availability in a seasonally stratified lake
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Iron and phosphorus cycling under ferruginous conditions
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Geomicrobiology of African lakes
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Millions of Boreal Shield Lakes can be used to Probe Archaean Ocean BiogeochemistryPreprint
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Early Photosynthetic Organisms
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Origins and Consequences of Early Photosynthetic Organisms
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Oxidation of Fe(II) carbonate (siderite) by anoxygenic phototrophic Fe(II)-oxidising bacteria
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Terrestrial iron biosignatures and their potential in solar system exploration for astrobiology
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- Authors
- Llirós, M., García–Armisen, T., Darchambeau, F., Morana, C., Triadó–Margarit, X., Inceoğlu, Ö., Borrego, C. M., Bouillon, S., Servais, P., Borges, A. V., Descy, J., Canfield, D. E., & Crowe, S. A.
- Affiliations
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES)
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (BE)
- University of Liège (BE)
- KU Leuven (BE)
- Universitat de Girona (ES)
- University of Namur (BE)
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Llirós, Marc
- Crowe, Sean A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2015-09-08
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 13803-13803
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4562300
- OpenAlex
- W2126150138
- Cited by
- 77
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 7
- FWCI
- 9.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Universitat de Girona Digital Repository (Universitat de Girona) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Repositori UJI (Universitat Jaume I) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- RECERCAT (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Lirias (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion)
- Dépôt institutionnel de l'Université libre de Bruxelles (Université Libre de Bruxelles) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- ORBi (University of Liège) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Repository of the University of Namur (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- RECERCAT (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Agouron Institute
- Danmarks Grundforskningsfond (DNRF 53)
- Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS
- Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (SD/AR/02A)
- Natural Environment Research Council (NE/I003266/1)
- FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (240002)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Microbial Community Ecology and Physiology
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Origins and Evolution of Life
- Keywords
- ferruginous ocean, iron cycling, early Earth biosphere, ferrous iron oxidation, iron-reducing bacteria, microbial community composition, primary production, iron ore deposits, organic matter export
- MeSH terms
- Congo, Environmental Microbiology, Ferric Compounds, Iron, Rwanda, Water, Earth, Planet, Biodiversity
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