Deposition of banded iron formations by anoxygenic phototrophic Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria
Abstract
The mechanism of banded iron formation (BIF) deposition is controversial, but classically has been interpreted to reflect ferrous iron [Fe(II)] oxidation by molecular oxygen after cyanobacteria evolved on Earth. Anoxygenic photoautotrophic bacteria can also catalyze Fe(II) oxidation under anoxic conditions. Calculations based on experimentally determined Fe(II) oxidation rates by these organisms under light regimes representative of ocean water at depths of a few hundred meters suggest that, even in the presence of cyanobacteria, anoxygenic phototrophs living beneath a wind-mixed surface layer provide the most likely explanation for BIF deposition in a stratified ancient ocean and the absence of Fe in Precambrian surface waters.
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The consensus amongst workers is that the precursor phase during sedimentation of IF was most likely Fe(III)-oxyhydroxides or an Fe(III)-Si gel.
“Despite the consensus amongst workers that the precursor phase during the sedimentation of IF was most likely Fe(III)-oxyhydroxides (e.g., Konhauser et al., 2002; Kappler et al., 2005; Posth et al., 2014; Sun et al., 2015) or an Fe(III)-Si gel (e.g., Percak-Dennett et al., 2011; Zheng et al., 2016)”
From Iron formations: A global record of Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic environmental history (2017) · cites this paper as Kappler et al., 2005
At a conservative, experiment-based, depth-integrated, phototrophic Fe(II)-oxidation rate of 1.4 × 10^-5 M/day (corresponding to a depth of 100 m), an estimated Fe(II) concentration of 0.5 mM, and the modern global mean eddy-diffusion rate of 0.1 cm2/s, a photoferrotrophic bacterial layer 17.6 m thick was required to completely oxidise the Fe(II) input.
“At a conservative, experiment-based, depth-integrated, phototrophic Fe(II)-oxidation rate of 1.4 × 10 -5 M/day (corresponding to a depth of 100 m), an estimated Fe(II) concentration of 0.5 mM, and the modern global mean eddy-diffusion rate of 0.1 cm 2 /s, it was estimated that a photoferrotrophic bacterial layer 17.6 m thick was required to completely oxidise the Fe(II) input.”
From Iron formations: A global record of Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic environmental history (2017) · cites this paper as Kappler et al., 2005
These estimates are significantly larger than the 17.6 m thickness calculated with eddy-diffusion alone by Kappler et al. (2005).
“These estimates are significantly larger than the 17.6 m thickness calculated with eddydiffusion alone by Kappler et al. (2005).”
From Iron formations: A global record of Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic environmental history (2017) · cites this paper as Kappler et al., 2005
Numerical models have been used to suggest that anoxygenic photosynthesisers would control Fe(II) oxidation even if the surface layer was weakly oxygenated.
“Numerical models have been used to suggest that anoxygenic photosynthesisers would control Fe(II) oxidation even if the surface layer was weakly oxygenated (Kappler et al., 2005).”
From Iron formations: A global record of Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic environmental history (2017) · cites this paper as Kappler et al., 2005
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- Authors
- Kappler, A., Pasquero, C., Konhauser, K. O., & Newman, D. K.
- Affiliations
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- University of Alberta (CA)
- Venue
- Geology
- Publisher
- Geological Society of America
- Published
- 2005
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 865
- ISSN
- 0091-7613 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2090076848
- Cited by
- 501
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 32
- FWCI
- 12.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Geology (publishedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geochemistry and Elemental Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Origins and Evolution of Life
- Keywords
- banded iron formations, Fe(II) oxidation, anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria, iron-oxidizing bacteria, Precambrian oceans, anoxia, ocean stratification, cyanobacteria
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