Ferruginous conditions: a dominant feature of the ocean through Earth's history
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The reconstruction of oceanic paleoredox conditions on Earth is essential for investigating links between biospheric oxygenation and major periods of biological innovation and extinction, and for unravelling feedback mechanisms associated with paleoenvironmental change. The occurrence of anoxic, iron-rich (ferruginous) oceanic conditions often goes unrecognized, but refined techniques are currently providing evidence to suggest that ferruginous deep-ocean conditions were likely dominant throughout much of Earth's history. The prevalence of this redox state suggests that a detailed appraisal of the influence of ferruginous conditions on the evolution of biogeochemical cycles, climate, and the biosphere is increasingly required.
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Iron would have been much more abundant in surface waters on a more reducing early Earth when basic microbial metabolic machinery was being established.
“By contrast, iron would have been much more abundant in surface waters on a more reducing Earth when basic microbial metabolic machinery was being established (e.g., Poulton and Canfield, 2011;David and Alm, 2011).”
From Trace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution (2016) · cites this paper as Poulton and Canfield, 2011
Poulton and Canfield (2011) suggest oceans were dominantly ferruginous until the late Archean, after which a surface oxic layer likely formed.
“They suggest that the oceans were dominantly ferruginous until the late Archean after which a surface oxic layer likely formed.”
From Trace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution (2016) · cites this paper as Poulton and Canfield, 2011
Fe speciation analyses have shed new light on spatial complexity of water column redoxclines and shown the Proterozoic was likely dominated by ferruginous conditions.
“Fe speciation analyses have shed new light on the spatial complexity of water column redoxclines (e.g., Poulton et al., 2010), and have shown that the Proterozoic was likely dominated by ferruginous conditions (Planavksy et al., 2011;Poulton and Canfield, 2011).”
From Trace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution (2016) · cites this paper as Poulton and Canfield, 2011
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- Authors
- Poulton, S. W., & Canfield, D. E.
- Affiliations
- Newcastle University (GB)
- University of Southern Denmark (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Poulton, S. W.
- Canfield, D. E.
- Venue
- Elements
- Publisher
- Mineralogical Society of America
- Published
- 2011-04-01
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 107-112
- ISSN
- 1811-5209 (ISSN-L)
- 1811-5217
- OpenAlex
- W2334477362
- Cited by
- 1,018
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 74 · 2025: 100 · 2024: 88 · 2023: 79 · 2022: 87 · 2021: 101 · 2020: 88 · 2019: 79 · 2018: 69 · 2017: 58 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 21.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Elements (publishedVersion)
- University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (submittedVersion)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Funders
- Natural Environment Research Council (NE/I005978/1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geochemistry and Elemental Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Earth Systems and Cosmic Evolution
- Keywords
- ferruginous ocean, paleoredox conditions, ocean redox state, biogeochemical cycles, paleoenvironmental change, biosphere evolution, climate evolution, Earth history
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