Isolation of highly enriched primary human microglia for functional studies
Open accessAbstract
Microglia, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system play vital roles in brain homeostasis through clearance of pathogenic material. Microglia are also implicated in neurological disorders through uncontrolled activation and inflammatory responses. To date, the vast majority of microglial studies have been performed using rodent models. Human microglia differ from rodent counterparts in several aspects including their response to pharmacological substances and their inflammatory secretions. Such differences highlight the need for studies on primary adult human brain microglia and methods to isolate them are therefore required. Our procedure generates microglial cultures of >95% purity from both biopsy and autopsy human brain tissue using a very simple media-based culture procedure that takes advantage of the adherent properties of these cells. Microglia obtained in this manner can be utilised for research within a week. Isolated microglia demonstrate phagocytic ability and respond to inflammatory stimuli and their purity makes them suitable for numerous other forms of in vitro studies, including secretome and transcriptome analysis. Furthermore, this protocol allows for the simultaneous isolation of neural precursor cells during the microglial isolation procedure. As human brain tissue is such a precious and valuable resource the simultaneous isolation of multiple cell types is highly beneficial.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Rustenhoven et al. identified vorinostat as an effective attenuator of PU.1 in primary human microglia-enriched culture.
“Furthermore, Rustenhoven et al. identified another HDAC class I/II/IV inhibitor vorinostat as an effective attenuator of PU.1 in primary human microglia-enriched culture [30, 39].”
From Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation of Microglia in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [39]
iMGLs differentially release cytokines and chemokines based on cell-surface receptor stimuli, closely aligning with responses observed in acutely isolated primary microglia.
“Collectively, iMGLs differentially release cytokines/chemokines based on their cell-surface receptor stimuli, a finding that closely aligns with the responses observed in acutely isolated primary microglia (Rustenhoven et al., 2016).”
From iPSC-derived human microglia-like cells to study neurological diseases (2017) · cites this paper as Rustenhoven et al., 2016
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Microglia: a sensor for pathological events in the CNS
Kreutzberg, G. W. (1996) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(96)10049-7 · Cited by 4,396 · see citing works
Microglia in neurodegenerative disease
Perry, V. H., Nicoll, J. A. R., & Holmes, C. (2010) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2010.17 · Cited by 1,543 · see citing works
The role of microglia in central nervous system immunity and glioma immunology
Yang, I., Han, S. J., Kaur, G., Crane, C., & Parsa, A. T. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2009.05.006 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Identification of a microglia phenotype supportive of remyelination
Olah, M., Amor, S., Brouwer, N., Vinet, J., Eggen, B., Biber, K., & Boddeke, H. W. G. M. (2012) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.21266 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Smith, A. M., & Dragunow, M. (2014) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2013.12.001 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Isolation of murine microglial cells for RNA analysis or flow cytometry
Cardona, A. E., Huang, D., Sasse, M. E., & Ransohoff, R. M. (2006) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/nprot.2006.327 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
A vision of cell death: insights into immune privilege
Ferguson, T. A., & Griffith, T. S. (1997) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1997.tb00967.x · Cited by 185 · see citing works
A role for human brain pericytes in neuroinflammation
Jansson, D., Rustenhoven, J., Feng, S. X., Hurley, D., Oldfield, R. L., Bergin, P., Mee, E. W., Faull, R. L. M., & Dragunow, M. (2014) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-11-104 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Efficient isolation of live microglia with preserved phenotypes from adult mouse brain
Nikodémová, M., & Watters, J. J. (2012) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-9-147 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Primary Microglia Isolation from Mixed Glial Cell Cultures of Neonatal Rat Brain Tissue
Tamashiro, T. T., Dalgard, C. L., & Byrnes, K. R. (2012) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/3814 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Microglia Isolation from Adult Mouse Brain
Lee, J., & Tansey, M. G. (2013) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-62703-520-0_3 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
The transcription factor PU.1 is critical for viability and function of human brain microglia
Smith, A. M., Gibbons, H. M., Oldfield, R. L., Bergin, P. M., Mee, E. W., Faull, R. L. M., & Dragunow, M. (2013) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.22486 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citationSmith, A. M., Gibbons, H. M., Oldfield, R. L., Bergin, P. M., Mee, E. W., Curtis, M. A., Faull, R. L. M., & Dragunow, M. (2013) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-10-85 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationCellular composition of human glial cultures from adult biopsy brain tissue
Gibbons, H. M., Hughes, S. M., van Roon‐Mom, W., Greenwood, J. M., Narayan, P. J., Teoh, H. H., Bergin, P., Mee, E. W., Wood, P. C., Faull, R. L. M., et al. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2007.07.005 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Valproic acid enhances microglial phagocytosis of amyloid-β1–42
Smith, A. M., Gibbons, H. M., & Dragunow, M. (2010) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.04.041 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
An anti-inflammatory role for C/EBPδ in human brain pericytes
Rustenhoven, J., Scotter, E. L., Jansson, D., Kho, D. T., Oldfield, R. L., Bergin, P., Mee, E. W., Faull, R. L. M., Curtis, M. A., Graham, S. E., et al. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep12132 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Valproic acid induces microglial dysfunction, not apoptosis, in human glial cultures
Gibbons, H. M., Smith, A. M., Teoh, H. H., Bergin, P. M., Mee, E. W., Faull, R. L. M., & Dragunow, M. (2011) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2010.08.024 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Park, T., Monzó, H. J., Mee, E. W., Bergin, P., Teoh, H. H., Montgomery, J. M., Faull, R. L. M., Curtis, M. A., & Dragunow, M. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037742 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Burkert, K., Moodley, K., Angel, C. E., Brooks, A. E. S., & Graham, E. S. (2011) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2011.09.002 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Smith, A. M., Graham, E. S., Feng, S. X., Oldfield, R. L., Bergin, P. M., Mee, E. W., Faull, R. L. M., Curtis, M. A., & Dragunow, M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080463 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Simonati, A., Tosati, C., Rosso, T., Piazzola, E., & Rizzuto, N. (1999) · Microscopy Research and Technique · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0029(19990615)45:6 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Smith, A. M., Gibbons, H. M., Lill, C., Faull, R. L. M., & Dragunow, M. (2013) · Methods in Molecular Biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-62703-520-0_6 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
iPSC-derived human microglia-like cells to study neurological diseases
Abud, E. M., Ramirez, R. N., Martinez, E. S., Healy, L. M., Nguyen, C. H. H., Newman, S. A., Yeromin, A. V., Scarfone, V. M., Marsh, S. E., Fimbres, C., et al. (2017) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.03.042 · Cited by 1,154 · see citing works
NBB-Psy, Böttcher, C., Schlickeiser, S., Sneeboer, M. A. M., Kunkel, D., Knop, A., Paza, E., Fidzinski, P., Kraus, L., Snijders, G. J. L., et al. (2019) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0290-2 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Werry, E. L., Bright, F., Piguet, O., Ittner, L. M., Halliday, G. M., Hodges, J. R., Kiernan, M. C., Loy, C. T., Kril, J. J., & Kassiou, M. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20133161 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
An Overview of in vitro Methods to Study Microglia
Timmerman, R., Burm, S. M., & Bajramovic, J. J. (2018) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2018.00242 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Rustenhoven, J., Aalderink, M., Scotter, E. L., Oldfield, R. L., Bergin, P. S., Mee, E. W., Graham, E. S., Faull, R. L. M., Curtis, M. A., Park, T. I.-H., et al. (2016) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0503-0 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Self-citationPSEN1ΔE9, APPswe, and APOE4 Confer Disparate Phenotypes in Human iPSC-Derived Microglia
Konttinen, H., Cabral-da-Silva, M. E. C., Ohtonen, S., Wojciechowski, S., Shakirzyanova, A., Caligola, S., Giugno, R., Ishchenko, Y., Hernández, D., Fazaludeen, M. F., et al. (2019) · Stem Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.08.004 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Zika Virus Infects Human Fetal Brain Microglia and Induces Inflammation
Lum, F., Low, D., Fan, Y., Tan, J. J. L., Lee, B. T. K., Chan, J. K. Y., Rénia, L., Ginhoux, F., & Ng, L. F. P. (2017) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciw878 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
PU.1 regulates Alzheimer’s disease-associated genes in primary human microglia
Rustenhoven, J., Smith, A. M., Smyth, L. C., Jansson, D., Scotter, E. L., Swanson, M. E. V., Aalderink, M., Coppieters, N., Narayan, P., Handley, R., et al. (2018) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-018-0277-1 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Ahuja, C. S., Mothe, A. J., Khazaei, M., Badhiwala, J. H., Gilbert, E. A. B., van der Kooy, D., Morshead, C. M., Tator, C. H., & Fehlings, M. G. (2020) · Stem Cells Translational Medicine · doi:10.1002/sctm.19-0135 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Unique and shared inflammatory profiles of human brain endothelia and pericytes
Smyth, L. C. D., Rustenhoven, J., Park, T., Schweder, P. M., Jansson, D., Heppner, P. A., O’Carroll, S. J., Mee, E. W., Faull, R. L. M., Curtis, M. A., et al. (2018) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-018-1167-8 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation of Microglia in Health and Disease
Yeh, H., & Ikezu, T. (2019) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2018.11.004 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Rangaraju, S., Raza, S. A., Li, N. X., Betarbet, R., Dammer, E. B., Duong, D., Lah, J. J., Seyfried, N. T., & Levey, A. I. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00405 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Mizee, M. R., Miedema, S. S. M., van der Poel, M., Adelia, Schuurman, K. G., van Strien, M. E., Melief, J., Smolders, J., Hendrickx, D. A. E., Heutinck, K. M., et al. (2017) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-017-0418-8 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Astrocytes in the central nervous system and their functions in health and disease: A review
Gradišnik, L., & Velnar, T. (2023) · World Journal of Clinical Cases · doi:10.12998/wjcc.v11.i15.3385 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Pozzo, E. D., Tremolanti, C., Costa, B., Giacomelli, C., Milenkovic, V. M., Bader, S. M., Wetzel, C. H., Rupprecht, R., Taliani, S., Settimo, F. D., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20184467 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Yang, Y., Chen, M., Zhou, J., Lv, J., Song, S., Fu, L., Chen, J., Yang, M., & Mei, C. (2018) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.2018010074 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Digregorio, M., Coppieters, N., Lombard, A., Lumapat, P. N., Scholtes, F., & Rogister, B. (2021) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-021-01167-w · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Tran, D. Q., Tse, E. K., Kim, M. H., & Belsham, D. D. (2016) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2016.05.015 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Isolation and Phenotyping of Adult Mouse Microglial Cells
Grabert, K., & McColl, B. W. (2018) · Methods in Molecular Biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-7837-3_7 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
CD44 expression in stem cells and niche microglia/macrophages following ischemic stroke
Sawada, R., Nakano‐Doi, A., Matsuyama, T., Nakagomi, N., & Nakagomi, T. (2020) · Stem Cell Investigation · doi:10.21037/sci.2020.02.02 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Interleukin-8 dysregulation is implicated in brain dysmaturation following preterm birth
Sullivan, G., Galdi, P., Blesa, M., Borbye‐Lorenzen, N., Stoye, D. Q., Lamb, G. J., Evans, M. J., Quigley, A. J., Thrippleton, M. J., Skogstrand, K., et al. (2020) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.09.007 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Göttert, R., Fidzinski, P., Kraus, L., Schneider, U. C., Holtkamp, M., Endres, M., Gertz, K. R., & Kronenberg, G. (2021) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.24123 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Routine culture and study of adult human brain cells from neurosurgical specimens
Park, T., Smyth, L. C. D., Aalderink, M., Woolf, Z., Rustenhoven, J., Lee, K., Jansson, D., Smith, A. M., Feng, S. X., Correia, J. A., et al. (2022) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/s41596-021-00637-8 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Lloyd, A. F., Martínez‐Muriana, A., Davis, E., Daniels, M. J. D., Hou, P., Mancuso, R., Brenes, A. J., Sinclair, L. V., Geric, I., Snellinx, A., et al. (2024) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114908 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Cardiac glycosides target barrier inflammation of the vasculature, meninges and choroid plexus
Jansson, D., Dieriks, B. V., Rustenhoven, J., Smyth, L. C. D., Scotter, E. L., Aalderink, M., Feng, S. X., Johnson, R. H., Schweder, P. M., Mee, E. T., et al. (2021) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-021-01787-x · Cited by 36 · see citing works
In vitro models of microglia: a comparative study
Woolf, Z., Stevenson, T. J., Lee, K., Highet, B., Foliaki, J. M., Ratiu, R., Rustenhoven, J., Correia, J. A., Schweder, P. M., Heppner, P. A., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-99867-z · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Wegrzyn, D., Freund, N., Faissner, A., & Juckel, G. (2021) · Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsyn.2021.637549 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Gumbs, S. B. H., Kübler, R., Gharu, L., Schipper, P. J., Borst, A. L., Snijders, G. J. L., Ormel, P. R., van Berlekom, A. B., Wensing, A. M. J., de Witte, L. D., et al. (2022) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-021-01049-w · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Multiple formin proteins participate in glioblastoma migration
Heuser, V. D., Kiviniemi, A., Lehtinen, L., Munthe, S., Kristensen, B. W., Posti, J. P., Sipilä, J. O. T., Vuorinen, V., Carpén, O., & Gardberg, M. (2020) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-020-07211-7 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Wenzel, T. J., Ranger, A. L., McRae, S. A., & Klegeris, A. (2021) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577496 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Rustenhoven, J., Smyth, L. C. D., Jansson, D., Schweder, P. M., Aalderink, M., Scotter, E. L., Mee, E. W., Faull, R. L. M., Park, T., & Dragunow, M. (2018) · BMC Neuroscience · doi:10.1186/s12868-018-0405-4 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Alzheimer’s Disease Research Using Human Microglia
Lue, L., Beach, T. G., & Walker, D. G. (2019) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells8080838 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Isolation and culture of functional adult human neurons from neurosurgical brain specimens
Park, T. I.-H., Schweder, P., Lee, K., Dieriks, B. V., Jung, Y., Smyth, L., Rustenhoven, J., Mee, E., Heppner, P., Turner, C., et al. (2020) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcaa171 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Jin, L., Lucente, J. D., Mendiola, U. R., Tang, X., Zivkovic, A. M., Lebrilla, C. B., & Maezawa, I. (2023) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.24345 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Guo, L., Rezvanian, A., Kukreja, L., Hoveydai, R., Bigio, E. H., Mesulam, M. M., Khoury, J. B. E., & Geula, C. (2016) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-160394 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Ogawa, K., Tsurutani, M., Hashimoto, A., & Soeda, M. (2019) · BMC Immunology · doi:10.1186/s12865-019-0314-z · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Kerk, S. Y., Bai, Y., Smith, J., Lalgudi, P. V., Hunt, C., Kuno, J., Nuara, J., Yang, T., Lanza, K., Chan, N., et al. (2022) · Stem Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.01.004 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Human Brain Neuropharmacology: A Platform for Translational Neuroscience
Dragunow, M. (2020) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2020.09.002 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Isolation of adult mouse microglia using their in vitro adherent properties
Woolf, Z., Stevenson, T. J., Lee, K. C., Jung, Y., Park, T., Curtis, M. A., Montgomery, J. M., & Dragunow, M. (2021) · STAR Protocols · doi:10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100518 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Age and sex differences in primary microglia culture: A comparative study
Ngwa, C., Qi, S., Mamun, A. A., Xu, Y., Sharmeen, R., & Liu, F. (2021) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109359 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Cuní‐López, C., Stewart, R., Quek, H., & White, A. R. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11101662 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Hejrati, N., Wong, R., Khazaei, M., & Fehlings, M. G. (2023) · Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy · doi:10.1080/14712598.2023.2245321 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Sabogal-Guáqueta, A. M., Mitchell-Garcia, T., Hunneman, J., Voshart, D. C., Thiruvalluvan, A., Foijer, F., Kruyt, F. A. E., Trombetta-Lima, M., Eggen, B. J. L., Boddeke, E., et al. (2024) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106742 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Bobotis, B. C., Halvorson, T., Carrier, M., & Tremblay, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2024.1317125 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Douvaras, P., Buenaventura, D. F., Sun, B. Q., Lepack, A. E., Baker, E., Simpson, E., Ebel, M. E., Lallos, G., LoSchiavo, D., Stitt, N., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-52400-8 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Physiology of Cultured Human Microglia Maintained in a Defined Culture Medium
Tewari, M., Khan, M., Verma, M., Coppens, J. R., Kemp, J. M., Bucholz, R. D., Mercier, P., & Egan, T. M. (2021) · ImmunoHorizons · doi:10.4049/immunohorizons.2000101 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Microglia in a Dish—Which Techniques Are on the Menu for Functional Studies?
Aktories, P., Petry, P., & Kierdorf, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2022.908315 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Palomba, N. P., Martinello, K., Cocozza, G., Casciato, S., Mascia, A., Gennaro, G. D., Morace, R., Esposito, V., Wulff, H., Limatola, C., et al. (2021) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-021-02096-0 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Quarta, A., Berneman, Z. N., & Ponsaerts, P. (2020) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1002/jlb.3ru0820-536r · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Hallmarks of NLRP3 inflammasome activation are observed in organotypic hippocampal slice culture
Hoyle, C., Redondo‐Castro, E., Cook, J., Tzeng, T.-C. J., Allan, S. M., Brough, D., & Lemarchand, E. (2020) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/imm.13221 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Impact of microglia isolation and culture methodology on transcriptional profile and function
Mizrachi, M., & Diamond, B. (2024) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-024-03076-w · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Optimised isolation and characterisation of adult human astrocytes from neurotrauma patients
Gradišnik, L., Maver, U., Bošnjak, R., & Velnar, T. (2020) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108796 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Epithelioid glioblastoma with microglia features: potential for novel therapy
Nakagomi, N., Sakamoto, D., Hirose, T., Takagi, T., Murase, M., Nakagomi, T., Yoshimura, S., & Hirota, S. (2020) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/bpa.12887 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Advanced Bio-Based Polymers for Astrocyte Cell Models
Gradišnik, L., Bošnjak, R., Maver, T., & Velnar, T. (2021) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma14133664 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Okazaki, T., Saito, D., Inden, M., Kawaguchi, K., Wakimoto, S., Nakahari, T., & Asano, S. (2020) · The Journal of Physiological Sciences · doi:10.1186/s12576-020-00779-6 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Göttert, R., Fidzinski, P., Kraus, L., Schneider, U. C., Holtkamp, M., Endres, M., Gertz, K., & Kronenberg, G. (2021) · PubMed · doi:10.17169/refubium-36739 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
An integrated toolkit for human microglia functional genomics
Haq, I., Ngo, J. C., Roy, N., Pan, R., Nawsheen, N., Chiu, R., Zhang, Y., Fujita, M., Soni, R. K., Wu, X., et al. (2024) · Stem Cell Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13287-024-03700-9 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Emerging Models to Study Human Microglia In vitro
Jäntti, H., Kistemaker, L., Buonfiglioli, A., de Witte, L. D., Malm, T., & Hol, E. M. (2024) · Advances in neurobiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-55529-9_30 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Purification of cells from fresh human brain tissue: primary human glial cells
Mizee, M. R., van der Poel, M., & Huitinga, I. (2018) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-63639-3.00019-0 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Smith, A. M., Park, T., Aalderink, M., Oldfield, R. L., Bergin, P., Mee, E. W., Faull, R. L. M., & Dragunow, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2022.1047928 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Lloyd, A. F., Martínez‐Muriana, A., Davis, E., Daniels, M. J. D., Hou, P., Mancuso, R., Brenes, A. J., Geric, I., Snellinx, A., Craessaerts, K., et al. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.07.07.498804 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Method of Microglial DNA-RNA Purification from a Single Brain of an Adult Mouse
Raihan, M. O., McGregor, B. A., Velaris, N. A., Brishti, A., Hur, J., & Porter, J. E. (2021) · Methods and Protocols · doi:10.3390/mps4040086 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Dulka, K., Nacsa, K., Lajkó, N., & Gulya, K. (2021) · IBRO Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ibneur.2021.01.007 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Human Microglia Models for NeuroHIV
Sarkar, P. A., Wang, X., Hu, W., Zhu, J. K., & Ho, W. (2025) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v17050641 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Gradišnik, L., Bošnjak, R., Bunc, G., Ravnik, J., Maver, T., & Velnar, T. (2021) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma14226857 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Obtaining Human Microglia from Adult Human Brain Tissue
Agrawal, I., Saxena, S., Nair, P., Jha, D. K., & Jha, S. (2020) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/61438 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Advances in microglia cellular models: focus on extracellular vesicle production
Ceccarelli, L., Marchetti, L., Giacomelli, C., & Martini, C. (2021) · Biochemical Society Transactions · doi:10.1042/bst20210203 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
TSPO PET Imaging as a Biomarker of Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Disorders
Werry, E. L., Bright, F., & Kassiou, M. (2021) · Neuromethods · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-1712-0_17 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Identifying Neural Progenitor Cells in the Adult Human Brain
Park, T., Waldvogel, H. J., Montgomery, J. M., Mee, E. W., Bergin, P., Faull, R. L. M., Dragunow, M., & Curtis, M. A. (2021) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-1783-0_12 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Cell Type–Specific Nuclei Markers: The Need for Human Brain Research to Go Nuclear
Wiseman, J. A., Dragunow, M., & Park, T. (2021) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/10738584211037351 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Hübschmann, V., Korkut-Demirbaş, M., & Siegert, S. (2022) · STAR Protocols · doi:10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101866 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Emerging Techniques for the Study of Microglia: Visualization, Depletion and Fate MappingPreprint
Bobotis, B. C., Halvorson, T., Carrier, M., & Tremblay, M. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202308.2190.v1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Navigating the frontier of human microglia isolation—standardization and translational insight
Pal, P., Sharma, M., & Gupta, S. K. (2026) · Methods · doi:10.1016/j.ymeth.2026.01.002 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Lentiviral Transduction of Neuronal Cells
Bellizzi, A., Ahye, N., & Wollebo, H. S. (2021) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-1437-2_11 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Rau, J., Weise, L., Moore, R., Terminel, M. N., Brakel, K., Cunningham, R., Bryan, J., Stefanov, A., & Hook, M. A. (2022) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114255 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Göttert, R., Fidzinski, P., Kraus, L., Schneider, U. C., Holtkamp, M., Endres, M., Gertz, K. R., & Kronenberg, G. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.11.24.388470 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Darzenta, N., Davis, E., Cochran, A. M., Murray, M., Moore, O., & Naskou, M. C. (2025) · Stem Cells and Development · doi:10.1089/scd.2025.0042 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
FONTES, G. C., Hayashide, L. D. S., Messor, D. F., Marques, M., Leocadio, V. E., Amorim, P., Minho, A. S., Paiva-Pereira, E., Savio, L. E. B., Fernandes, P. D., et al. (2026) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-025-04647-w · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Ghosh, A., Ghosh, P., Deb, I., & Bandyopadhyay, S. K. (2021) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.2315 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Isolation of Human Glioblastoma Cells: An Optimised Protocol
Velnar, T., Maver, U., Boŝnjak, R., & Gradišnik, L. (2021) · Acta Medica Academica · doi:10.5644/ama2006-124.301 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
In vitro models for human neuroglia
Lendemeijer, B., & de Vrij, F. M. S. (2025) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-19104-6.00015-2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
HMC3 revealed: how much do these “Microglia” really tell us?
Buccarello, L., Privitera, A., Partsinevelos, K., Serwa, K., Carota, G., Pietro, L. D., Cardaci, V., Mangione, R., Sibbitts, J., Lazzarino, G., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1778798 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kumar, S., Singh, J., Maurya, V. K., Ansari, S., Srivastava, C., Malhotra, H., Babu, S., & Saxena, S. K. (2026) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1093/jnen/nlag025 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Novel fluorinated cannabinoid analogs modulate cytokine expression in human C20 microglial cells
Davis, R. L., Grotjahn, S., König, B., Buck, D. J., & Weaver, J. D. (2024) · Pharmacological Reports · doi:10.1007/s43440-024-00680-8
Rosenfeld’s Staining: A Valuable Tool for In Vitro Assessment of Astrocyte and Microglia Morphology
Farias, A. A., Costa, A. C. D. S., Teles-Souza, J., Soares, É. N., Costa, C. C. D. O. S., do Nascimento, R. P., Costa, S. L., da Silva, V. D. A., & Costa, M. D. F. D. (2025) · Neuroglia · doi:10.3390/neuroglia6020016
Additional file 4 of Multiple formin proteins participate in glioblastoma migration
Heuser, V. D., Kiviniemi, A., Lehtinen, L., Munthe, S., Kristensen, B. W., Posti, J. P., Sipilä, J. O. T., Vuorinen, V., Carpén, O., & Gardberg, M. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12737751
Additional file 1 of Multiple formin proteins participate in glioblastoma migration
Heuser, V. D., Kiviniemi, A., Lehtinen, L., Munthe, S., Kristensen, B. W., Posti, J. P., Sipilä, J. O. T., Vuorinen, V., Carpén, O., & Gardberg, M. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12737739
Additional file 10 of An integrated toolkit for human microglia functional genomics
Haq, I., Ngo, J. C., Roy, N., Pan, R., Nawsheen, N., Chiu, R., Zhang, Y., Fujita, M., Soni, R. K., Wu, X., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26704734
Additional file 6 of An integrated toolkit for human microglia functional genomics
Haq, I., Ngo, J. C., Roy, N., Pan, R., Nawsheen, N., Chiu, R., Zhang, Y., Fujita, M., Soni, R. K., Wu, X., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26704722
Additional file 4 of An integrated toolkit for human microglia functional genomics
Haq, I., Ngo, J. C., Roy, N., Pan, R., Nawsheen, N., Chiu, R., Zhang, Y., Fujita, M., Soni, R. K., Wu, X., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26704716
Additional file 8 of An integrated toolkit for human microglia functional genomics
Haq, I., Ngo, J. C., Roy, N., Pan, R., Nawsheen, N., Chiu, R., Zhang, Y., Fujita, M., Soni, R. K., Wu, X., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26704728
Additional file 3 of An integrated toolkit for human microglia functional genomics
Haq, I., Ngo, J. C., Roy, N., Pan, R., Nawsheen, N., Chiu, R., Zhang, Y., Fujita, M., Soni, R. K., Wu, X., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26704713
Additional file 1 of An integrated toolkit for human microglia functional genomics
Haq, I., Ngo, J. C., Roy, N., Pan, R., Nawsheen, N., Chiu, R., Zhang, Y., Fujita, M., Soni, R. K., Wu, X., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25583880
Digregorio, M., Coppieters, N., Lombard, A., Lumapat, P. N., Scholtes, F., & Rogister, B. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14361215
Additional file 3 of Multiple formin proteins participate in glioblastoma migration
Heuser, V. D., Kiviniemi, A., Lehtinen, L., Munthe, S., Kristensen, B. W., Posti, J. P., Sipilä, J. O. T., Vuorinen, V., Carpén, O., & Gardberg, M. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12737748
Additional file 11 of An integrated toolkit for human microglia functional genomics
Haq, I., Ngo, J. C., Roy, N., Pan, R., Nawsheen, N., Chiu, R., Zhang, Y., Fujita, M., Soni, R. K., Wu, X., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26704737
Additional file 9 of An integrated toolkit for human microglia functional genomics
Haq, I., Ngo, J. C., Roy, N., Pan, R., Nawsheen, N., Chiu, R., Zhang, Y., Fujita, M., Soni, R. K., Wu, X., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26704731
Digregorio, M., Coppieters, N., Lombard, A., Lumapat, P. N., Scholtes, F., & Rogister, B. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14361212
- Authors
- Rustenhoven, J., Park, T. I.-H., Schweder, P., Scotter, J., Correia, J., Smith, A. M., Gibbons, H. M., Oldfield, R. L., Bergin, P. S., Mee, E. W., Faull, R. L. M., Curtis, M. A., Scott Graham, E., & Dragunow, M.
- Affiliations
- Auckland City Hospital (NZ)
- Corresponding author
- Dragunow, Mike
- ORCID
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2016-01-18
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 19371-19371
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4725991
- OpenAlex
- W2410922951
- Cited by
- 99
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 3.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ResearchSpace (University of Auckland) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Hugh Green Foundation
- Neurological Foundation of New Zealand
- Health Research Council of New Zealand
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Keywords
- human microglia, brain biopsy, autopsy brain tissue, phagocytosis, microglial activation, neuroinflammation, neural progenitor cells, cell purity, secretome, transcriptome
- MeSH terms
- Cell Separation, Cells, Cultured, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Immunohistochemistry, Phagocytosis, Phenotype, Biomarkers, Cytokines, NF-kappa B, Microglia, Chemokines, Protein Transport, Interleukin-1beta
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
