Preparation of biomass hydrochar derived sulfonated catalysts and their catalytic effects for 5-hydroxymethylfurfural production
Abstract
Amorphous carbon-based sulfonated catalysts were generated from four kinds of biomass (lignin, cellulose, wood meal and D-xylose) by hydrothermal carbonization at various temperatures (225, 245 and 265 °C) followed by sulfonation, with a yield of 36–56%. All of these catalysts showed aromatic structure, hydroxyl and carboxyl groups, with a density of SO3H groups between 0.56 and 0.87 mmol g−1. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) was produced from inulin in ionic liquids (ILs) in one step with the addition of carbon-based sulfonated catalysts, with a factual yield of 47–65% at 100 °C, 60 min. Moderate extension of reaction time (from 30 to 90 min) and increase of temperature (from 80 to 120 °C) promoted HMF production. Ethyl acetate was used as extractant, and about 39–55% of HMF can be recovered from ILs. One problem with these carbon-based sulfonated catalysts was that they would be partly deactivated in ILs for separate reuse, however, they can be easily regenerated by dilute sulfuric acid treatment. The carbon-based sulfonated catalysts exhibited good catalytic activity compared with traditional solid acid catalysts, and the carbon-based sulfonated catalyst/ILs reaction system showed high reusability. In consideration of the renewable as well as the high catalytic activity abilities, these biomass derived carbon-based sulfonated catalysts would be promising for industrial application.
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Kang et al. (2013) prepared lignin-, cellulose-, wood meal-, and D-xylose-derived hydrochar via HTC and functionalized it with sulfur for production of 5-HMF from inulin in ionic liquids using carbon-based sulfonated catalysts in a single step; 47-55% 5-HMF yield was received at 100 °C for 60 min; hydrochar-based sulfonated catalysts showed higher catalytic activity relative to conventional solid酸
“Kang et al. (2013) prepared the lignin-, cellulose-, wood meal-, and D-xylose-derived hydrochar via the HTC technique and functionalized it with sulfur for the production of 5-HMF from inulin in ionic liquids using carbon-based sulfonated catalysts in a single step [101].During the reaction, 47-55% of 5-HMF yield was received at 100 • C for 60 min of the reaction time; hydrochar-based sulfonated”
From Hydrochar: A Review on Its Production Technologies and Applications (2021) · cites this paper as [101]
When sulfonated hydrochar-based catalysts were used in ionic liquids, it was challenging to recover the ionic liquid for reuse from the hydrochar-based catalysts.
“However, when the sulfonated hydrochar-based catalysts were used in ionic liquids, it was challenging to recover the ionic liquid for reuse from the hydrochar-based catalysts.”
From Hydrochar: A Review on Its Production Technologies and Applications (2021) · cites this paper as [101]
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- Authors
- Kang, S., Ye, J., Zhang, Y., & Chang, J.
- Affiliations
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Chang, Jie
- Venue
- RSC Advances
- Publisher
- Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 20
- Pages
- 7360
- ISSN
- 2046-2069 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2054651570
- Cited by
- 108
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 2.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- RSC Advances (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Catalysis for Biomass Conversion
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Catalysis › Ionic liquids properties and applications
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Keywords
- hydrochar, sulfonated carbon catalyst, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, hydrothermal carbonization, biomass-derived catalysts, inulin, ionic liquids, lignin, cellulose, wood meal, D-xylose, catalyst regeneration, catalyst reusability, heterogeneous acid catalysis
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