An adaptive ionic skin with multiple stimulus responses and moist-electric generation ability

Epidermal Electronics

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Skin-like pressure and strain sensors based on transparent elastic films of carbon nanotubes

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25th Anniversary Article: The Evolution of Electronic Skin (E‐Skin): A Brief History, Design Considerations, and Recent Progress

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Skin electronics from scalable fabrication of an intrinsically stretchable transistor array

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Hydrogel bioelectronics

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Mustard oils and cannabinoids excite sensory nerve fibres through the TRP channel ANKTM1

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Hydrogel ionotronics

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A bioinspired flexible organic artificial afferent nerve

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Ionic skin

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Mussel‐Inspired Adhesive and Conductive Hydrogel with Long‐Lasting Moisture and Extreme Temperature Tolerance

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A Bioinspired Mineral Hydrogel as a Self‐Healable, Mechanically Adaptable Ionic Skin for Highly Sensitive Pressure Sensing

Lei, Z., Wang, Q., Sun, S., Zhu, W., & Wu, P. (2017) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201700321 · Cited by 1,017 · see citing works

An All‐Elastomeric Transparent and Stretchable Temperature Sensor for Body‐Attachable Wearable Electronics

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Direct Power Generation from a Graphene Oxide Film under Moisture

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Muscle-Inspired Self-Healing Hydrogels for Strain and Temperature Sensor

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Anti‐freezing, Conductive Self‐healing Organohydrogels with Stable Strain‐Sensitivity at Subzero Temperatures

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Stretchable Hydrogel Electronics and Devices

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Anti-fatigue-fracture hydrogels

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Highly Stretchable and Tough Hydrogels below Water Freezing Temperature

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Muscle‐Inspired Highly Anisotropic, Strong, Ion‐Conductive Hydrogels

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A supramolecular biomimetic skin combining a wide spectrum of mechanical properties and multiple sensory capabilities

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Rational Fabrication of Anti‐Freezing, Non‐Drying Tough Organohydrogels by One‐Pot Solvent Displacement

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Transparent, Adhesive, and Conductive Hydrogel for Soft Bioelectronics Based on Light-Transmitting Polydopamine-Doped Polypyrrole Nanofibrils

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A highly transparent and ultra-stretchable conductor with stable conductivity during large deformation

Lei, Z., & Wu, P. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11364-w · Cited by 433 · see citing works

Supramolecular nanofibrillar hydrogels as highly stretchable, elastic and sensitive ionic sensors

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An intrinsically stretchable humidity sensor based on anti-drying, self-healing and transparent organohydrogels

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An efficient polymer moist-electric generator

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Flexible Wireless Temperature Sensors Based on Ni Microparticle‐Filled Binary Polymer Composites

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Ultrastretchable and Stable Strain Sensors Based on Antifreezing and Self-Healing Ionic Organohydrogels for Human Motion Monitoring

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A Low‐Operating‐Power and Flexible Active‐Matrix Organic‐Transistor Temperature‐Sensor Array

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Biocompatible, self-wrinkled, antifreezing and stretchable hydrogel-based wearable sensor with PEDOT:sulfonated lignin as conductive materials

Wang, Q., Pan, X., Lin, C., Lin, D., Ni, Y., Chen, L., Huang, L., Cao, S., & Ma, X. (2019) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2019.03.287 · Cited by 312 · see citing works

Bioinspired Hydrogel Interferometer for Adaptive Coloration and Chemical Sensing

Qin, M., Sun, M., Bai, R., Mao, Y., Qian, X., Sikka, D., Zhao, Y., Qi, H. J., Suo, Z., & He, X. (2018) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201800468 · Cited by 275 · see citing works

Ultrafast gelling using sulfonated lignin-Fe3+ chelates to produce dynamic crosslinked hydrogel/coating with charming stretchable, conductive, self-healing, and ultraviolet-blocking properties

Wang, Q., Pan, X., Lin, C., Ma, X., Cao, S., & Ni, Y. (2020) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2020.125341 · Cited by 249 · see citing works

A bionic tactile plastic hydrogel-based electronic skin constructed by a nerve-like nanonetwork combining stretchable, compliant, and self-healing properties

Pan, X., Wang, Q., He, P., Liu, K., Ni, Y., Chen, L., Ouyang, X., Huang, L., Wang, H., & Xu, S. (2019) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2019.122271 · Cited by 243 · see citing works

Ultraflexible Self-Healing Guar Gum-Glycerol Hydrogel with Injectable, Antifreeze, and Strain-Sensitive Properties

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Soft Thermal Sensor with Mechanical Adaptability

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Adaptive Thermochromic Windows from Active Plasmonic Elastomers

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Facile preparation of hydrogen-bonded supramolecular polyvinyl alcohol-glycerol gels with excellent thermoplasticity and mechanical properties

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Highly Stretchable and Transparent Thermistor Based on Self-Healing Double Network Hydrogel

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Zwitterionic Skins with a Wide Scope of Customizable Functionalities

Lei, Z., & Wu, P. (2018) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.8b08062 · Cited by 206 · see citing works

A compliant, self-adhesive and self-healing wearable hydrogel as epidermal strain sensor

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Extreme Light Management in Mesoporous Wood Cellulose Paper for Optoelectronics

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Ultrastretchable Kirigami Bioprobes

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An integrated transparent, UV-filtering organohydrogel sensor via molecular-level ion conductive channels

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Cartilage-inspired hydrogel strain sensors with ultrahigh toughness, good self-recovery and stable anti-swelling properties

Xu, J., Jin, R., Ren, X., & Gao, G. (2019) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/c9ta09170j · Cited by 163 · see citing works

Moist-electric generation

Bai, J., Huang, Y., Cheng, H., & Qu, L. (2019) · Nanoscale · doi:10.1039/c9nr06113d · Cited by 145 · see citing works

Kirigami‐Inspired Nanoconfined Polymer Conducting Nanosheets with 2000% Stretchability

Guan, Y., Zhang, Z., Tang, Y., Yin, J., & Ren, S. (2018) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201706390 · Cited by 130 · see citing works

Thermal‐Responsive Polymers for Enhancing Safety of Electrochemical Storage Devices

Yang, H., Leow, W. R., & Chen, X. (2018) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201704347 · Cited by 120 · see citing works

Mussel-inspired nanocomposite hydrogel-based electrodes with reusable and injectable properties for human electrophysiological signals detection

Pan, X., Wang, Q., He, P., Liu, K., Ni, Y., Ouyang, X., Chen, L., Huang, L., Wang, H., & Tan, Y. (2019) · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b00579 · Cited by 109 · see citing works

Nucleotide-Regulated Tough and Rapidly Self-Recoverable Hydrogels for Highly Sensitive and Durable Pressure and Strain Sensors

Zhang, Q., Liu, X. B., Ren, X., Jia, F., Duan, L., & Gao, G. (2019) · Chemistry of Materials · doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b02039 · Cited by 106 · see citing works

Adaptable polyionic elastomers with multiple sensations and entropy-driven actuations for prosthetic skins and neuromuscular systems

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Kirigami‐Inspired Deformable 3D Structures Conformable to Curved Biological Surface

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Spider web-inspired ultra-stable 3D Ti3C2TX (MXene) hydrogels constructed by temporary ultrasonic alignment and permanent in-situ self-assembly fixation

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Coiled Fiber‐Shaped Stretchable Thermal Sensors for Wearable Electronics

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Preparation of highly hazy transparent cellulose film from dissolving pulp

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Body Compatible Thermometer Based on Green Electrolytes

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Recent Progress in Essential Functions of Soft Electronic Skin

Chen, J., Zhu, Y., Chang, X., Pan, D., Song, G., Guo, Z., & Naik, N. (2021) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202104686 · Cited by 395 · see citing works

Molecular Design Strategies toward Improvement of Charge Injection and Ionic Conduction in Organic Mixed Ionic–Electronic Conductors for Organic Electrochemical Transistors

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Ionic Flexible Sensors: Mechanisms, Materials, Structures, and Applications

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Ionic Hydrogel for Efficient and Scalable Moisture‐Electric Generation

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Recent Advances in Multiresponsive Flexible Sensors towards E‐skin: A Delicate Design for Versatile Sensing

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Functionalized Hydrogel-Based Wearable Gas and Humidity Sensors.

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A Review of Conductive Hydrogel‐Based Wearable Temperature Sensors

Mo, F., Zhou, P., Lin, S., Zhong, J., & Wang, Y. (2024) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202401503 · Cited by 187 · see citing works

Transparent, flexible, and multifunctional starch-based double-network hydrogels as high-performance wearable electronics

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Pro‐Healing Zwitterionic Skin Sensor Enables Multi‐Indicator Distinction and Continuous Real‐Time Monitoring

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Lignin and cellulose derivatives-induced hydrogel with asymmetrical adhesion, strength, and electriferous properties for wearable bioelectrodes and self-powered sensors

Wang, Q., Pan, X., Guo, J., Huang, L., Chen, L., Ma, X., Cao, S., & Ni, Y. (2021) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2021.128903 · Cited by 145 · see citing works

Advances in ionic conductive hydrogels for skin sensor applications

Mo, F., Lin, Y., Liu, Y., Zhou, P., Yang, J., Ji, Z., & Wang, Y. (2025) · Materials Science and Engineering R Reports · doi:10.1016/j.mser.2025.100989 · Cited by 146 · see citing works

High-strength, highly conductive and woven organic hydrogel fibers for flexible electronics

Wang, X., Wang, X., Pi, M., & Ran, R. (2021) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2021.131172 · Cited by 119 · see citing works

Asymmetrically Patterned Cellulose Nanofibers/Graphene Oxide Composite Film for Humidity Sensing and Moist-Induced Electricity Generation

Li, Z., Wang, J., Dai, L., Sun, X., An, M., Duan, C., Li, J., & Ni, Y. (2020) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.0c17970 · Cited by 113 · see citing works

Transparent stretchable hydrogel sensors: materials, design and applications

Liu, Y., Wang, L., Mi, Y., Zhao, S., Qi, S., Sun, M., Peng, B., Xu, Q., Niu, Y., & Zhou, Y. (2022) · Journal of Materials Chemistry C · doi:10.1039/d2tc01104b · Cited by 112 · see citing works

A tough organohydrogel-based multiresponsive sensor for a triboelectric nanogenerator and supercapacitor toward wearable intelligent devices

Hu, K., Zhao, Z., Wang, Y., Yu, L., Liu, K., Wu, H., Huang, L., Chen, L., & Ni, Y. (2022) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/d2ta01503j · Cited by 98 · see citing works

Highly Sensitive On‐Skin Temperature Sensors Based on Biocompatible Hydrogels with Thermoresponsive Transparency and Resistivity

Park, T. H., Park, S., Yu, S., Park, S. U., Lee, J., Kim, S.-H., Jung, Y., & Yi, H. (2021) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202100469 · Cited by 95 · see citing works

Ultrastretchable, Highly Transparent, Self-Adhesive, and 3D-Printable Ionic Hydrogels for Multimode Tactical Sensing

Wei, H. Z., Wang, Z., Zhang, H., Huang, Y., Wang, Z., Zhou, Y., Xu, B. B., Halila, S., & Chen, J. (2021) · Chemistry of Materials · doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c01246 · Cited by 94 · see citing works

Facile primary battery-based humidity sensor for multifunctional application

Zhao, Q., Duan, Z., Wu, Y., Liu, B., Yuan, Z., Jiang, Y., & Tai, H. (2022) · Sensors and Actuators B Chemical · doi:10.1016/j.snb.2022.132369 · Cited by 92 · see citing works

Soft yet Tough: a Mechanically and Functionally Tissue-like Organohydrogel for Sensitive Soft Electronics

Su, G., Zhang, Y., Zhang, X., Feng, J., Cao, J., Zhang, X., & Zhou, T. (2022) · Chemistry of Materials · doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c04211 · Cited by 87 · see citing works

A Review of Functional Hydrogels for Flexible Chemical Sensors

Zhou, P., Zhang, Z., Mo, F., & Wang, Y. (2023) · Advanced Sensor Research · doi:10.1002/adsr.202300021 · Cited by 80 · see citing works

Advanced Design of High‐Performance Moist‐Electric Generators

Cao, Y., Xu, B., Li, Z., & Fu, H. C. (2023) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202301420 · Cited by 80 · see citing works

Fruit-battery-inspired self-powered stretchable hydrogel-based ionic skin that works effectively in extreme environments

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A core–shell fiber moisture-driven electric generator enabled by synergetic complex coacervation and built-in potential

Zan, G., Jiang, W., Kim, H., Zhao, K., Li, S., Lee, K., Jang, J., Kim, G., Shin, E., Kim, W., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-54442-4 · Cited by 74 · see citing works

Freezing-tolerant, widely detectable and ultra-sensitive composite organohydrogel for multiple sensing applications

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Bioinspired Freeze‐Tolerant Soft Materials: Design, Properties, and Applications

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Recent progress in high-resolution tactile sensor array: From sensor fabrication to advanced applications

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Lignin reinforced hydrogels with multi-functional sensing and moist-electric generating applications

Zhang, Y., MohebbiPour, A., Mao, J., Mao, J., & Ni, Y. (2021) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.159 · Cited by 59 · see citing works

A mechanically soft-tissue-like organohydrogel with multi-functionalities for sensitive soft ionotronics

Liu, S., Chen, Y., Feng, J., Peng, J., Zhou, Y., Zhao, Y., Zhao, Y., Lu, Z., Sun, M., Chun, W., et al. (2023) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2023.143087 · Cited by 58 · see citing works

Polymer ionogels and their application in flexible ionic devices

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Water‐Enabled Electricity Generation: A Perspective

Zhao, X., Shen, D., Duley, W. W., Tan, C., & Zhou, Y. (2022) · Advanced Energy and Sustainability Research · doi:10.1002/aesr.202100196 · Cited by 55 · see citing works

Ultrastretchable, self-healable and adhesive composite organohydrogels with a fast response for human–machine interface applications

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Design of asymmetric-adhesion lignin reinforced hydrogels with anti-interference for strain sensing and moist air induced electricity generator

Fu, C., Lin, J. A., Tang, Z., Chen, L., Huang, F., Kong, F., Ni, Y., & Huang, L. (2022) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.157 · Cited by 50 · see citing works

Latest developments and trends in electronic skin devices

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Conductive and transparent poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels with tunable LCST copolymerized by the green acrylamide-based deep eutectic solvent

Zhang, H., Gao, T., Jiang, L., Meng, X., Wang, J., Ma, N., Wei, H., & Zhang, X. (2022) · European Polymer Journal · doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111266 · Cited by 47 · see citing works

Ultrasensitive, flexible and dual strain-temperature sensor based on ionic-conductive composite hydrogel for wearable applications

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Elastomeric polymers for conductive layers of flexible sensors: Materials, fabrication, performance, and applications

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All-solution-processed wearable moist-electric generators based on engineered nanocomposites of carbon nanotube and gelatin incorporated with PEDOT: PSS interfacial blocking layer

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