New airborne research facility observes sensitivity of cumulus cloud microphysical properties to aerosol regime over the great barrier reef
Open accessAbstract
The new research aircraft, Cessna 337, is equipped with a meteorological, aerosol, and cloud microphysical instrumentation. A case study from its first campaign is presented showing the sensitivity of cumulus cloud microphysical properties to the aerosol regime over the Great Barrier Reef.
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The GBR and UoW studies faced non-linear perturbations in wind shear and evaporative cooling dynamics, introducing systematic biases into plume dispersion simulations.
“The GBR and UoW studies faced non-linear perturbations in wind shear and evaporative cooling dynamics, introducing systematic biases into plume dispersion simulations (Hernandez-Jaramillo et al., 2024; Wood et al., 2024)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Hernandez-Jaramillo et al., 2024
The Introduction reports that GBR field measurements found evaporative cooling did not affect near-field plume dispersion, contrary to earlier modelling suggestions. The paper does not report the claimed wind-shear perturbations or systematic biases in plume-dispersion simulations; the contrary finding on evaporative cooling is decisive for the GBR portion of the claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe GBR trials revealed potential operational uncertainties, such as the fidelity of NOAA's HYSPLIT back-trajectories in tracing aerosol sources and the ecological risks of altered rainfall patterns due to seeding.
“the GBR trials revealed potential operational uncertainties, such as the fidelity of NOAA's HYSPLIT back-trajectories in tracing aerosol sources and the ecological risks of altered rainfall patterns due to seeding (Hernandez-Jaramillo et al., 2024)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Hernandez-Jaramillo et al., 2024
The Summary (Fig. 4; page unavailable) shows that the GBR flights used NOAA HYSPLIT back-trajectories, but does not question their fidelity. The Summary reports suppressed rain from warm clouds associated with continentally sourced pollution aerosols, not ecological risks from rainfall changes caused by seeding. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe GBR trials reported droplet sizing uncertainties (±8%-15%) due to calibration errors in particle sizing spectrometers, alongside interpretation challenges arising from probe geometry and sampling limitations under cloud conditions.
“The GBR trials reported droplet sizing uncertainties ( ± 8%-15%) due to calibration errors in particle sizing spectrometers, alongside interpretation challenges arising from probe geometry and sampling limitations under cloud conditions (Hernandez-Jaramillo et al., 2024)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Hernandez-Jaramillo et al., 2024
The Cloud microphysics instrumentation section (page unavailable) reports particle-sizing uncertainty below 10% during the GBR campaign and describes calibration checks. It does not report a ±8%–15% droplet-sizing range or attribute the uncertainty to calibration errors. The Aerosol instrumentation system section describes measures to limit sampling losses and handle high humidity during in-cloud measurements, but does not identify probe geometry and sampling as interpretation challenges. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe GBR trials integrated aerosol production stability and plume detection, pausing operations during low wind speed (<10 knots) to optimize plume development or when mechanical failures affected sprayer systems.
“The GBR trials integrated aerosol production stability and plume detection, pausing operations during low wind speed ( < 10 knots) to optimize plume development or when mechanical failures affected sprayer systems (Hernandez-Jaramillo et al., 2024)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Hernandez-Jaramillo et al., 2024
Table 2 (Summary; page unavailable) describes plume mapping to track MCB plume dispersion, supporting the plume-detection part of the claim. Neither it nor the retrieved Field campaign and instrumentation passages reports pauses below 10 knots, pauses caused by sprayer failures, or monitoring aerosol production stability. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe GBR trials have concentrated on demonstrating aerosol delivery to cloud base and characterizing cloud microphysical responses, without attempting to measure ecological or climatic effects.
“The GBR trials have concentrated on demonstrating aerosol delivery to cloud base and characterizing cloud microphysical responses, without attempting to measure ecological or climatic effects (Hernandez-Jaramillo et al., 2024)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Hernandez-Jaramillo et al., 2024
The Field campaign section describes measurements of aerosol–cloud interactions and cloud microstructure, and the flight summary lists plume-mapping missions. But the cloud case studies sampled background conditions outside spraying operations; this paper does not demonstrate delivery of sprayed aerosol to cloud base or measure a resulting cloud response. It reports no ecological or climatic effect measurements, although the campaign also aimed to test the viability of shading corals with sea-spray fog. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Following a 9-year pause in MCB research, experiments resumed with Australia-based trials beginning in 2020 and continuing to the present.
“Following a 9-year pause in MCB research, experiments resumed with Australia-based trials beginning in 2020 and continuing to the present”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Hernandez-Jaramillo et al., 2024
The Field campaign section describes an Australian MCB-related campaign near Heron Reef in March–April 2023, and the Summary lists flights assigned to MCB missions. The paper does not establish a nine-year pause, say that trials began in 2020, or document their continuation beyond the reported campaign (searched: 2020 and nine-year pause). (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe primary focus of the Great Barrier Reef MCB trials was not climate intervention but mitigating coral bleaching by evaluating whether the MCB technique could locally enhance cloud reflectivity and reduce solar irradiance over the coral reef.
“The primary focus of these experiments was not climate intervention but mitigating coral bleaching by evaluating whether the MCB technique could locally enhance cloud reflectivity and reduce solar irradiance over the coral reef (Hernandez-Jaramillo et al., 2024, 2025).”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Hernandez-Jaramillo et al., 2024
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe CDP quantified droplet concentrations (3-50 μm diameter), while the CIP8 imaged precipitation-sized particles (15-960 μm).
“The CDP quantified droplet concentrations (3-50 μm diameter), while the CIP8 imaged precipitation-sized particles (15-960 μm).”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Hernandez-Jaramillo et al., 2024
The Cloud microphysics instrumentation section (page not available) gives the CDP detection range as 3–50 and says the imaging probe detects particles from 15–960 using 2D shadow images; the copy renders the unit as “mm.” It names that probe CIPg, not CIP8, so the instrument designation in the claim is not supported. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe GBR trials employed a Cloud Combination Probe (CCP), integrating a Cloud Droplet Probe (CDP), Cloud Imaging Probe (CIP8), and a hotwire liquid water sensor (LWC) to measure cloud microphysical properties.
“The GBR trials employed a Cloud Combination Probe (CCP), integrating a Cloud Droplet Probe (CDP), Cloud Imaging Probe (CIP8), and a hotwire liquid water sensor (LWC) to measure cloud microphysical properties.”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Hernandez-Jaramillo et al., 2024
The Cloud microphysics instrumentation section confirms that the GBR aircraft carried a CCP combining a Cloud Droplet Probe and a hotwire liquid water sensor to measure cloud properties. It identifies the imaging component as a grayscale Cloud Imaging Probe (CIPg), however, not the claimed CIP8. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDrizzle thresholds (DWC > 0.05 g m^-3) were derived from CIP8 data to assess warm rain suppression.
“Drizzle thresholds (DWC > 0.05 g m -3 ) were derived from CIP8 data to assess warm rain suppression.”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Hernandez-Jaramillo et al., 2024
In “Clean and polluted warm clouds over the GBR” (page unavailable), the paper uses DWC > 0.05 g m⁻³ to identify rain initiation and says CIP images confirmed drizzle at the associated droplet-size threshold. It also reports a higher rain-initiation height in more polluted clouds. The copy does not identify the instrument as “CIP8” or say the DWC threshold was derived from CIP data; it describes the images as confirmation. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe GBR trials used a classification of clean (~200 cm^-3) versus polluted regimes (~1,500 cm^-3).
“GBR trials used a classification of clean ( ∼ 200 cm -3 ) versus polluted regimes ( ∼ 1,500 cm -3 ) (Hernandez-Jaramillo et al., 2024)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Hernandez-Jaramillo et al., 2024
The “Clean and polluted warm clouds over the GBR” section describes clean and polluted case studies and reports about 200 cm^-3 cloud droplets at the clean cloud base. It reports aerosol particle concentrations up to about 1,500 cm^-3 in polluted boundary-layer air. These are different measurements, not a clean-versus-polluted classification using two comparable concentration values; no page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe GBR pre-flight calibration ensured that any instrument drift or failure would be identified and corrected in advance, thereby maintaining data integrity through built-in technical redundancies.
“With this, they ensured that any instrument drift or failure would be identified and corrected in advance, thereby maintaining data integrity through built-in technical redundancies (Hernandez-Jaramillo et al., 2024)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Hernandez-Jaramillo et al., 2024
The Aerosol instrumentation system and Cloud microphysics instrumentation sections (pages unavailable) report recalibration immediately before the campaign and daily or regular calibration checks during it. They do not say that pre-flight checks ensured any drift or failure would be identified and corrected in advance, or that built-in redundancies maintained data integrity. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAll three experiments also employed remote sensing tools, such as satellite imagery (MODIS, GOES) or lidar (miniMPL), to contextualize aerosol plumes within larger atmospheric structures, enabling multi-scale analysis of perturbations.
“All three experiments also employed remote sensing tools, such as satellite imagery (MODIS, GOES) or lidar (miniMPL), to contextualize aerosol plumes within larger atmospheric structures, enabling multi-scale analysis of perturbations as described in the integration of lidar, aircraft, and modeling tools (Hernandez-Jaramillo et al., 2024; Russell et al., 2013; Wood et al., 2024)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Hernandez-Jaramillo et al., 2024
The “Clean and polluted warm clouds over the GBR” section (page unavailable) says satellite remote-sensing data provided context for the clouds sampled by aircraft, and that HYSPLIT modeling was used to investigate aerosol sources. This supports combining satellite, aircraft, and modeling information, but the paper does not identify MODIS, GOES, or miniMPL, or say that those tools contextualized aerosol plumes within larger atmospheric structures. It cannot establish what the other two cited experiments employed. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAustralia-based MCB trials assess MCB's potential to mitigate coral bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef.
“assessing MCB's potential to mitigate coral bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Hernandez-Jaramillo et al., 2024
Subsequent GBR research (2023) observed that higher aerosol concentrations, such as those from anthropogenic sources, increased cloud droplet numbers while reducing droplet size, thereby delaying warm rain initiation-a phenomenon consistent with the Twomey effect.
“They observed that higher aerosol concentrations, such as those from anthropogenic sources, increased cloud droplet numbers while reducing droplet size, thereby delaying warm rain initiation-a phenomenon consistent with the Twomey effect, where aerosols enhance cloud reflectivity (Hernandez-Jaramillo et al., 2024).”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Hernandez-Jaramillo et al., 2024
These measurements directly informed how aerosol perturbations alter cloud processes over the GBR.
“These measurements directly informed how aerosol perturbations alter cloud processes over the GBR (Hernandez-Jaramillo et al., 2024)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Hernandez-Jaramillo et al., 2024
The LWC sensor validated liquid water content against droplet size distributions.
“The LWC sensor validated liquid water content against droplet size distributions.”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Hernandez-Jaramillo et al., 2024
The GBR and UoW trials identified gaps in model representation of near-field turbulence, hygroscopicity variations, and aerosol transport.
“The GBR and UoW trials identified gaps in model representation of near-field turbulence, hygroscopicity variations, and aerosol transport (Hernandez-Jaramillo et al., 2024; Wood et al., 2024)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Hernandez-Jaramillo et al., 2024
The Field campaign section describes GBR flights measuring aerosol–cloud interactions, and the Introduction discusses the need to characterize plume dispersion. Neither identifies gaps in model representation. Searches for near-field turbulence, hygroscopicity, aerosol transport, and model limitations found no passage attributing those gaps to the trials; this verdict concerns only Hernandez-Jaramillo et al., not the separately cited Wood et al. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredBoth the GBR and the UoW trials emphasized the transient nature of sea-salt aerosols, which dissipate rapidly within hours through atmospheric mixing or deposition, enabling natural aerosol regimes to re-establish once spraying is halted.
“Both the GBR and the UoW trials emphasized the transient nature of sea-salt aerosols, which dissipate rapidly within hours through atmospheric mixing or deposition, enabling natural aerosol regimes to re-establish once spraying is halted (Hernandez-Jaramillo et al., 2024; Wood et al., 2024)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Hernandez-Jaramillo et al., 2024
The Introduction describes spraying sea-salt aerosols, and the Field campaign section describes sampling background conditions outside spraying influence. The flight summary mentions tracking plume dispersion, but our copy does not say the aerosols dissipate within hours through mixing or deposition, or that natural aerosol conditions return after spraying stops. Searched for aerosol lifetime, dissipation, and post-spraying recovery; no page numbers were provided. (LLM, conf=0.74)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAll three experiments incorporated real-time aerosol or cloud property thresholds, such as plume overconcentration (>50,000 cm^-3 in GBR), an excessive fraction of GCCN (>0.2%) in UoW trials, or the PCASP-based detection criteria implemented on E-PEACE, to trigger protocol adjustments.
“All three experiments incorporated real-time aerosol or cloud property thresholds, such as plume overconcentration (particle densities exceeding natural marine levels due to poor dispersion or excessive emissions), to trigger protocol adjustments ( > 50,000 cm -3 in GBR) (Hernandez-Jaramillo et al., 2024); an excessive fraction of GCCN ( > 0.2%) in UoW trials (Wood et al., 2024), or the PCAS”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Hernandez-Jaramillo et al., 2024
The Aerosol instrumentation system section gives 0–50,000 cm^-3 as the measurement range of an optical particle counter, not a plume-overconcentration threshold. The Summary describes plume mapping, but our copy does not say that concentrations above 50,000 cm^-3 triggered real-time protocol adjustments; searches for the threshold and adjustment criteria found no such passage. No page numbers were provided for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Self-citationA Review of Some Experimental Spray Methods for Marine Cloud Brightening
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Supervised Vicarious Calibration (SVC) of Multi-Source Hyperspectral Remote-Sensing Data
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Hernandez-Jaramillo, D. C., Harrison, L., Kelaher, B., Ristovski, Z., & Harrison, D. P. (2023) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.3c04793 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
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Potential Impacts of Climate Interventions on Marine Ecosystems
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Braga, R. C., Rosenfeld, D., Hernandez, D., Medcraft, C., Efraim, A., Moser, M., Lucke, J., Doss, A., & Harrison, D. P. (2025) · Atmospheric Research · doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.107928 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
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“The GBR trials uniquely focused on the practical challenges of modifying aircraft for sustained in‐ cloud sampling (Hernandez‐Jaramillo et al., 2024, 2025).”
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Coral reef exposure increases aerosol and cloud condensation nuclei over the Great Barrier Reef
Sulo, J., Okuljar, M., Alroe, J., Li, Z., Horchler, E. J., Cravigan, L. T., Miljevic, B., Harrison, L. P., Harrison, D. P., & Ristovski, Z. (2026) · Aerosol Research · doi:10.5194/ar-4-413-2026
Self-citation
- Authors
- Hernandez-Jaramillo, D. C., Medcraft, C., Braga, R. C., Butcherine, P., Doss, A., Kelaher, B., Rosenfeld, D., & Harrison, D. P.
- Affiliations
- Southern Cross University (AU)
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Hernandez-Jaramillo, Diana C.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Environmental Science: Atmospheres
- Publisher
- Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
- Published
- 2024
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 861-871
- ISSN
- 2634-3606 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4400059161
- Cited by
- 13
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 2
- FWCI
- 2.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Environmental Science Atmospheres (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Informationszentrum Lebenswissenschaften (ZB MED) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Great Barrier Reef Foundation
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Atmospheric aerosols and clouds
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations
- Keywords
- cumulus clouds, cloud microphysical properties, aerosol-cloud interactions, Great Barrier Reef
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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