Marine cloud brightening
Open accessAbstract
The idea behind the marine cloud-brightening (MCB) geoengineering technique is that seeding marine stratocumulus clouds with copious quantities of roughly monodisperse sub-micrometre sea water particles might significantly enhance the cloud droplet number concentration, and thereby the cloud albedo and possibly longevity. This would produce a cooling, which general circulation model (GCM) computations suggest could—subject to satisfactory resolution of technical and scientific problems identified herein—have the capacity to balance global warming up to the carbon dioxide-doubling point. We describe herein an account of our recent research on a number of critical issues associated with MCB. This involves (i) GCM studies, which are our primary tools for evaluating globally the effectiveness of MCB, and assessing its climate impacts on rainfall amounts and distribution, and also polar sea-ice cover and thickness; (ii) high-resolution modelling of the effects of seeding on marine stratocumulus, which are required to understand the complex array of interacting processes involved in cloud brightening; (iii) microphysical modelling sensitivity studies, examining the influence of seeding amount, seed-particle salt-mass, air-mass characteristics, updraught speed and other parameters on cloud–albedo change; (iv) sea water spray-production techniques; (v) computational fluid dynamics studies of possible large-scale periodicities in Flettner rotors; and (vi) the planning of a three-stage limited-area field research experiment, with the primary objectives of technology testing and determining to what extent, if any, cloud albedo might be enhanced by seeding marine stratocumulus clouds on a spatial scale of around 100×100 km. We stress that there would be no justification for deployment of MCB unless it was clearly established that no significant adverse consequences would result. There would also need to be an international agreement firmly in favour of such action.
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MCB field tests try to refine aerosol generation and test various delivery methods, including drones and windmill-mounted sprayers designed to disperse seawater aerosols into the atmosphere.
“Beyond validation, field tests try to refine aerosol generation and test various delivery methods, including drones and windmill-mounted sprayers designed to disperse seawater aerosols into the atmosphere (Latham et al., 2012).”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Latham et al., 2012
The section on the proposed limited-area experiment says field trials would test sea-spray generation, injection and dispersion, with repeated attempts anticipated to refine the spray method. But it specifies ship- or barge-based seeding platforms, not drones or windmill-mounted sprayers. The Introduction describes unmanned, wind-powered Flettner-rotor vessels; their rotors propel the vessels rather than mount the sprayers. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredProblems associated with marine sky brightening include lack of a spraying system capable of generating seawater particles of the required size and quantities, technical problems associated with the physical outcome due to the complex nature of cloud characteristics, and the challenge to undertake extensive trials and understand side effects.
“This includes the lack of spraying system that is capable of generating seawater particles of the size and quantities required, as well as further technical problems that are associated with the physical outcome of this approach as a result of the complex nature of cloud characteristics.Another challenge would be to undertake extensive trials and properly understand and overcome potential side eff”
From Strategies for mitigation of climate change: a review (2020) · cites this paper as Latham et al. 2012
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- Authors
- Latham, J., Bower, K., Choularton, T., Coe, H., Connolly, P., Cooper, G., Craft, T., Foster, J., Gadian, A., Galbraith, L., Iacovides, H., Johnston, D., Launder, B., Leslie, B., Meyer, J., Neukermans, A., Ormond, B., Parkes, B., Rasch, P., Rush, J., Salter, S., Stevenson, T., Wang, H., Wang, Q., & Wood, R.
- Affiliations
- NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research (US)
- University of Manchester (GB)
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- University of Leeds (GB)
- 8 FICER, CA, USA
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (US)
- 2 Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
- Corresponding author
- Gadian, Alan
- ORCID
- Venue
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
- Publisher
- The Royal Society
- Published
- 2012-09-13
- Volume
- 370
- Issue
- 1974
- Pages
- 4217-4262
- ISSN
- 1364-503X (ISSN-L)
- 1471-2962
- PMC
- PMC3405666
- OpenAlex
- W2122317931
- Cited by
- 232
- References
- 94
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 10.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (9731293)
- Fund for Innovative Climate and Energy Research
- University of Calgary
- Natural Environment Research Council (NE/G000875/1, NE/F018592/1, ncas10003, NE/F019874/1, ncas10005)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate Change and Geoengineering
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Atmospheric aerosols and clouds
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols
- Keywords
- marine cloud brightening, cloud seeding, marine stratocumulus clouds, cloud albedo, cloud droplet number concentration, geoengineering, climate change mitigation, Flettner rotors, cloud microphysics, rainfall distribution
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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