Eastern Pacific Emitted Aerosol Cloud Experiment
Open accessAbstract
Aerosol–cloud–radiation interactions are widely held to be the largest single source of uncertainty in climate model projections of future radiative forcing due to increasing anthropogenic emissions. The underlying causes of this uncertainty among modeled predictions of climate are the gaps in our fundamental understanding of cloud processes. There has been significant progress with both observations and models in addressing these important questions but quantifying them correctly is nontrivial, thus limiting our ability to represent them in global climate models. The Eastern Pacific Emitted Aerosol Cloud Experiment (E-PEACE) 2011 was a targeted aircraft campaign with embedded modeling studies, using the Center for Interdisciplinary Remotely-Piloted Aircraft Studies (CIRPAS) Twin Otter aircraft and the research vessel Point Sur in July and August 2011 off the central coast of California, with a full payload of instruments to measure particle and cloud number, mass, composition, and water uptake distributions. EPEACE used three emitted particle sources to separate particle-induced feedbacks from dynamical variability, namely 1) shipboard smoke-generated particles with 0.05–1-μm diameters (which produced tracks measured by satellite and had drop composition characteristic of organic smoke), 2) combustion particles from container ships with 0.05–0.2-μm diameters (which were measured in a variety of conditions with droplets containing both organic and sulfate components), and 3) aircraft-based milled salt particles with 3–5-μm diameters (which showed enhanced drizzle rates in some clouds). The aircraft observations were consistent with past large-eddy simulations of deeper clouds in ship tracks and aerosol– cloud parcel modeling of cloud drop number and composition, providing quantitative constraints on aerosol effects on warm-cloud microphysics.
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The first MCB field trial (E-PEACE) took place in 2011.
“the first MCB field trial (E-PEACE) took place in 2011”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
The E-PEACE section describes a field campaign in July and August 2011 that released particles to study their effects on marine clouds. The paper does not identify E-PEACE as the first MCB field trial, so it supports the date and nature of the campaign but not the priority claim. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredE-PEACE reported variability in droplet activation efficiency due to uncertainties in organic aerosol hygroscopicity and chemical aging processes.
“E-PEACE reported variability in droplet activation efficiency due to uncertainties in organic aerosol hygroscopicity and chemical aging processes (Russell et al., 2013)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
The introduction (page unavailable) says cloud processing can alter organic and inorganic aerosol fractions, producing different hygroscopic properties that affect particles’ ability to serve as cloud condensation nuclei. The smoke-generator section reports differences in cloud droplets associated with particle number, size, and updraft velocity. It does not report variability in droplet activation efficiency caused by uncertainty in organic-aerosol hygroscopicity or chemical aging. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredE-PEACE highlighted discrepancies in simulating aerosol-cloud interactions, particularly in resolving how particle composition and updraft variability modulate droplet activation and the non-linear feedback between aerosol-induced precipitation changes and boundary layer dynamics.
“E-PEACE highlighted discrepancies in simulating aerosol-cloud interactions, particularly in resolving how particle composition and updraft variability modulate droplet activation and the non-linear feedback between aerosol-induced precipitation changes and boundary layer dynamics (Russell et al., 2013)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
The E-PEACE overview identifies aerosol composition and cloud activation as challenges for models; the “Tailor-Made Particles” section links observed droplet differences to particle properties and updraft velocities. The paper also discusses drizzle-related cloud adjustments and boundary-layer feedbacks, but these passages do not establish a nonlinear feedback or report the specific simulation discrepancies claimed. It says further ACP simulations of the observed differences were forthcoming (page numbers unavailable in our copy). (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredScalability was a shared consideration, with E-PEACE and GBR trials testing incremental deployment strategies and the UoW systematically scaling nozzle arrays to assess operational feasibility.
“Furthermore, scalability was a shared consideration, with E-PEACE and GBR trials testing incremental deployment strategies (e.g., earlier small-scale spray systems for GBR) and the UoW systematically scaling nozzle arrays to assess operational feasibility (Russell et al., 2013; Wood et al., 2024)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
The E-PEACE section describes controlled particle releases over small areas, and Summary and Outlook proposes extending the observations to global models. These passages support a small-scale experiment with broader implications, but they do not describe E-PEACE as testing an incremental deployment strategy or assessing operational scalability. This verdict concerns Russell et al.; the GBR and UoW claims are not assessed against it. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.80)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredE-PEACE relied on localized, crosswind plumes of emitted particles to minimize lasting impacts.
“E-PEACE relied on localized, crosswind plumes of emitted particles to minimize lasting impacts (Russell et al., 2013)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
The E-PEACE section says particles were emitted at high concentrations over small areas in crosswind directions, supporting the description of localized, crosswind emissions. It says this design helped separate particle effects on clouds from meteorology, not that it was intended to minimize lasting impacts. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
E-PEACE emphasized operational flexibility, adjusting ship headings or smoke generator maintenance schedules to align with shifting cloud conditions.
“EPEACEemphasized operational flexibility, adjusting ship headings or smoke generator maintenance schedules to align with shifting cloud conditions (Russell et al., 2013)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
The “Tailor-Made Particles with a Battlefield Smoke Generator” section describes changing ship headings in response to wind and performing hourly smoke-generator maintenance. It does not say that headings or maintenance schedules were adjusted to align with shifting cloud conditions; the maintenance was needed to clean injectors and optimize fuel delivery. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSatellite and aircraft observations indicated that perturbed cloud properties (e.g., droplet number, albedo) dissipated rapidly as wind dispersed the aerosol plumes, with cloud systems returning to background states.
“Satellite and aircraft observations indicated that perturbed cloud properties (e.g., droplet number, albedo) dissipated rapidly as wind dispersed the aerosol plumes, with cloud systems returning to background states (Russell et al., 2013)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
The Cloud Albedo Effects section (page unavailable) reports satellite-observed increases in cloud-track reflectance, and Figure 5 describes estimating plume locations using wind speed. It does not report that droplet number or albedo perturbations dissipated rapidly as plumes dispersed, or that the clouds returned to background states. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredE-PEACE's approach focused on leveraging meteorological conditions (e.g., crosswind dispersion) to create localized aerosol plumes, enabling targeted study of aerosol-cloud interactions while minimizing uncontrolled environmental impacts.
“E-PEACE's approach focused on leveraging meteorological conditions (e.g., crosswind dispersion, which refers to the rapid mixing and dilution of the seeded aerosol plume perpendicular to the wind direction) to create localized aerosol plumes, enabling targeted study of aerosol-cloud interactions while minimizing uncontrolled environmental impacts (Russell et al., 2013)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
The E-PEACE section (page not provided) says particles were emitted in high concentrations over small crosswind areas so their cloud effects could be separated from meteorological variability. This supports the localized, targeted-study portion of the claim, but it does not describe crosswind dispersion as rapid mixing and dilution or say the approach minimized uncontrolled environmental impacts. The Summary and Outlook (page not provided) says effects on neighboring clouds and ecosystems would need further consideration. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThese pauses ensured measurements reflected controlled perturbations rather than confounding environmental shifts.
“These pauses ensured measurements reflected controlled perturbations rather than confounding environmental shifts (Russell et al., 2013)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
The E-PEACE section says the experiment was designed so aerosol effects on clouds could be separated from meteorological and natural cloud variability. It does not say that pauses achieved this separation; searches for pauses and intervals between emissions found no such explanation in our copy. No page number was provided for the passage. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredE-PEACE achieved detection thresholds through Passive Cavity Aerosol Spectrometer Probe (PCASP) real-time measurement thresholds for aerosol size and concentration (80-200 cm^-3).
“EPEACE achieved this through Passive Cavity Aerosol Spectrometer Probe (PCASP) real-time measurement thresholds for aerosol size and concentration (80-200 cm -3 ) (Russell et al., 2013)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
Table 3 lists PCASP among the aircraft instruments for measuring particle-size distributions. The Cloud Albedo Effects section gives day-specific PCASP concentration thresholds of 80–200 cm⁻³, but says they were used to separate background from track concentrations—not that they were instrument detection thresholds or thresholds for aerosol size. The cited passages do not establish the claimed real-time measurement aspect. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFor E-PEACE, while no explicit social license frameworks were mentioned, it was designed as a fundamental aerosol-cloud interaction experiment (not an SRM trial), and the project maintained scientific transparency through peer-reviewed publication of methodologies and results.
“For the E-PEACE campaign, while no explicit social license frameworks were mentioned in the study, as previously mentioned, it was designed as a fundamental aerosol-cloud interaction experiment (not an SRM trial), the project maintained scientific transparency through peer-reviewed publication of methodologies and results (Russell et al., 2013)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
Split into 3 atoms — 2 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAll three campaigns integrated real-time or near-real-time observational tools, such as satellite remote sensing (E-PEACE), miniaturized sensors and lidar (UoW), and airborne cloud probes (GBR), to track aerosol plumes and validate dispersion models.
“All three campaigns also integrated real-time or near-real-time observational tools, such as satellite remote sensing (E-PEACE), miniaturized sensors and lidar (UoW), and airborne cloud probes (GBR), to track aerosol plumes and validate dispersion models (Hernandez-Jaramillo et al., 2024, 2025; Russell et al., 2013; Wood et al., 2024)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAfter Flight 3's data corruption (13 July 2011), E-PEACE compensated by prioritizing ship-based aerosol measurements from a research vessel (R/V Point Sur) and satellite retrievals (MODIS/GOES) to fill observational gaps, ensuring continuity in tracking aerosol-cloud interactions.
“after Flight 3's data corruption (13 July 2011), E-PEACE compensated by prioritizing ship-based aerosol measurements from a research vessel (R/V Point Sur) and satellite retrievals (MODIS/GOES) to fill observational gaps, ensuring continuity in tracking aerosol-cloud interactions (Russell et al., 2013)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe E-PEACE campaign documented interactions between drizzle formation, liquid water path variability, and updraft heterogeneity, obscuring aerosol-cloud interactions.
“E-PEACE campaign documented interactions between drizzle formation, liquid water path variability, and updraft heterogeneity, obscuring aerosol-cloud interactions (Russell et al., 2013)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
The introduction (page unavailable) says meteorological variability makes aerosol effects on clouds difficult to disentangle, and the Summary and Outlook reports that E-PEACE found giant salt nuclei can increase drizzle. The copy does not show E-PEACE documenting the claimed interaction among drizzle formation, liquid-water-path variability, and updraft heterogeneity; its discussions of drizzle and liquid water path in the introduction and Table 2 concern earlier studies and models. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAll three experiments incorporated real-time aerosol or cloud property thresholds, such as plume overconcentration (>50,000 cm^-3 in GBR), an excessive fraction of GCCN (>0.2%) in UoW trials, or the PCASP-based detection criteria implemented on E-PEACE, to trigger protocol adjustments.
“All three experiments incorporated real-time aerosol or cloud property thresholds, such as plume overconcentration (particle densities exceeding natural marine levels due to poor dispersion or excessive emissions), to trigger protocol adjustments ( > 50,000 cm -3 in GBR) (Hernandez-Jaramillo et al., 2024); an excessive fraction of GCCN ( > 0.2%) in UoW trials (Wood et al., 2024), or the PCAS”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
The Cloud Albedo Effects section says E-PEACE used day-specific PCASP concentration thresholds to separate background from track measurements. It does not say those thresholds were applied in real time or triggered protocol adjustments. The GBR and UoW thresholds are attributed to other sources, not this paper. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMCB experiments, including E-PEACE (2011) and the Great Barrier Reef trials (2020-ongoing), advanced understanding of aerosol-cloud interactions under controlled conditions.
“MCB experiments, including E-PEACE (2011) and the Great Barrier Reef trials (2020-ongoing), advanced understanding of aerosol-cloud interactions under controlled conditions.”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
The E-PEACE section describes a 2011 campaign using controlled aerosol releases to study aerosol–cloud interactions, and the Summary and Outlook reports observed effects on cloud albedo and drizzle. The paper does not address the Great Barrier Reef trials or their claimed 2020–ongoing dates; that part of the sentence is unsupported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredE-PEACE's feasibility hinged on a multi-platform approach, combining ship, aircraft, and satellite data to capture aerosol-cloud interactions in a natural marine environment.
“E-PEACE's feasibility hinged on a multi-platform approach, combining ship, aircraft, and satellite data to capture aerosol-cloud interactions in a natural marine environment (Russell et al., 2013)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
MCB studies faced challenges in isolating seeding effects from meteorological noise, particularly in resolving non-linear feedbacks between aerosol perturbations, cloud dynamics, and precipitation processes.
“However, these studies faced challenges in isolating seeding effects from meteorological noise, particularly in resolving non-linear feedbacks between aerosol perturbations, cloud dynamics, and precipitation processes (Hernandez-Jaramillo et al., 2024, 2025; Russell et al., 2013).”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
E-PEACE used smoke generators and aircraft-dispersed milled salt particles (3-5 μm) as giant cloud condensation nuclei (GCCN) to impact cloud microphysics.
“E-PEACE used smoke generators and aircraft-dispersed milled salt particles (3-5 μm) as giant cloud condensation nuclei (GCCN) to impact cloud microphysics (Russell et al., 2013)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
E-PEACE targeted persistent stratocumulus cloud layers for stable, repeatable conditions.
“they targeted persistent stratocumulus cloud layers for stable, repeatable conditions”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
E-PEACE results revealed that aerosol perturbations increased cloud reflectivity (e.g., ~14%-15% brighter ship tracks) and modified precipitation processes, with implications for understanding anthropogenic aerosol impacts on marine clouds and climate.
“Results revealed that aerosol perturbations increased cloud reflectivity (e.g., ∼ 14%-15% brighter ship tracks) and modified precipitation processes, with implications for understanding anthropogenic aerosol impacts on marine clouds and climate (Russell et al., 2013).”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
E-PEACE emphasized resolving non-linear feedback between aerosol perturbations, cloud dynamics, and boundary layer processes to improve climate models.
“E-PEACE emphasized resolving non-linear feedback between aerosol perturbations, cloud dynamics, and boundary layer processes to improve climate models (Russell et al., 2013)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
E-PEACE used CPCs and aerosol mass spectrometers (AMS) to track particle composition and number.
“EPEACE used CPCs and aerosol mass spectrometers (AMS) to track particle composition and number (Russell et al., 2013)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
All three experiments also employed remote sensing tools, such as satellite imagery (MODIS, GOES) or lidar (miniMPL), to contextualize aerosol plumes within larger atmospheric structures, enabling multi-scale analysis of perturbations.
“All three experiments also employed remote sensing tools, such as satellite imagery (MODIS, GOES) or lidar (miniMPL), to contextualize aerosol plumes within larger atmospheric structures, enabling multi-scale analysis of perturbations as described in the integration of lidar, aircraft, and modeling tools (Hernandez-Jaramillo et al., 2024; Russell et al., 2013; Wood et al., 2024)”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
E-PEACE faced challenges in reliably locating the seeded aerosol plumes to sample within them.
“E-PEACE faced challenges in reliably locating the seeded aerosol plumes to sample within them.”
From Past Field Experiments of Solar Radiation Modification: A Review of the Scientific and Technical Aspects for Governance (2026) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 2013
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Self-citationCharacterisation and airborne deployment of a new counterflow virtual impactor inlet
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Self-citationScanning Flow CCN Analysis—A Method for Fast Measurements of CCN Spectra
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Self-citationStudy of the Aerosol Indirect Effect by Large-Eddy Simulation of Marine Stratocumulus
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Self-citationGiant Sea-Salt Aerosols and Warm Rain Formation in Marine Stratocumulus
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Self-citationCloud–Aerosol Interactions from the Micro to the Cloud Scale
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Self-citationMODIS Observations of Ship Tracks in Summertime Stratus off the West Coast of the United States
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Size- and Composition-Resolved Externally Mixed Aerosol Model
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Self-citationAerosol dynamics in ship tracks
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Self-citationOrganic aerosol effects on fog droplet spectra
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Self-citationParameterization of cloud droplet size distributions: Comparison with parcel models and observations
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Self-citationDistinct CCN activation kinetics above the marine boundary layer along the California coast
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Self-citationCloud seeding as a technique for studying aerosol‐cloud interactions in marine stratocumulus
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Self-citationDifferentiating natural and anthropogenic cloud condensation nuclei in the California coastal zone
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Self-citationVertical Transports by Plumes within the Moderately Convective Marine Atmospheric Surface Layer
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Evaluating climate geoengineering proposals in the context of the Paris Agreement temperature goals
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Self-citationOpportunistic experiments to constrain aerosol effective radiative forcing
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Self-citationOccurrence of lower cloud albedo in ship tracks
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Self-citationPrimary marine aerosol‐cloud interactions off the coast of California
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Self-citationSolar geoengineering to reduce climate change: a review of governance proposals
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Self-citationStudying geoengineering with natural and anthropogenic analogs
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100 Years of Progress in Cloud Physics, Aerosols, and Aerosol Chemistry Research
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Self-citationThe Impact of Ship Emission Controls Recorded by Cloud Properties
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Physical science research needed to evaluate the viability and risks of marine cloud brightening
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Self-citationAndersen, H., Čermák, J., Fuchs, J., Knutti, R., & Lohmann, U. (2017) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-17-9535-2017 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
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Self-citationFirst sun-dimming experiment will test a way to cool Earth
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Self-citationShingler, T., Sorooshian, A., Ortega, A. M., Crosbie, E., Wonaschütz, A., Perring, A. E., Beyersdorf, A. J., Ziemba, L. D., Jimenez, J. L., Campuzano‐Jost, P., et al. (2016) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1002/2016jd025471 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
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Self-citationApproaches to Observe Anthropogenic Aerosol-Cloud Interactions
Quaas, J. (2015) · Current Climate Change Reports · doi:10.1007/s40641-015-0028-0 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
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Self-citationCould geoengineering research help answer one of the biggest questions in climate science?
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Self-citationIntermittent shading can moderate coral bleaching on shallow reefs
Butcherine, P., Tagliafico, A., Ellis, S. L., Kelaher, B. P., Hendrickson, C. A., & Harrison, D. (2023) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2023.1162896 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
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Self-citationSchubert, J. (2021) · Mattering Press eBooks · doi:10.28938/9781912729265 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Subtropical Marine Low Stratiform Cloud Deck Spatial Errors in the E3SMv1 Atmosphere Model
Brunke, M. A., Ma, P., Eyre, J. E. J. R., Rasch, P. J., Sorooshian, A., & Zeng, X. (2019) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2019gl084747 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
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Automatically Finding Ship Tracks to Enable Large‐Scale Analysis of Aerosol‐Cloud Interactions
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The Governance of Solar Geoengineering: Managing Climate Change in the Anthropocene
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- Authors
- Russell, L. M., Sorooshian, A., Seinfeld, J. H., Albrecht, B. A., Nenes, A., Ahlm, L., Chen, Y.-C., Coggon, M., Craven, J. S., Flagan, R. C., Frossard, A. A., Jonsson, H., Jung, E., Lin, J. J., Metcalf, A. R., Modini, R., Mülmenstädt, J., Roberts, G., Shingler, T., Song, S., Wang, Z., & Wonaschütz, A.
- Affiliations
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography (US)
- University of Arizona (US)
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- University of Miami (US)
- Georgia Institute of Technology (US)
- Center for Interdisciplinary Remotely-Piloted Aerosol Studies, Marina, California
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
- Publisher
- American Meteorological Society
- Published
- 2013-05-01
- Volume
- 94
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 709-729
- ISSN
- 0003-0007 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-0477
- OpenAlex
- W2124476609
- Cited by
- 121
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 7.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (publishedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Calhoun: The Naval Postgraduate School Institutional Archive (Naval Postgraduate School) (submittedVersion)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0744636, 0349015, 1013319, 1008848, 1013381, 1013423, 0821599)
- Office of Naval Research (N00014-10-1-0811, N00014-11-1-0783, N00014-10-1-0200, N00014)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Atmospheric aerosols and clouds
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations
- Keywords
- aerosol-cloud interactions, aerosol-cloud-radiation interactions, ship track, marine boundary layer clouds, warm cloud microphysics, cloud droplet number concentration, drizzle, combustion particles, sulfate, water absorption, radiative forcing, aircraft observations, large eddy simulation
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