Cited by 1,200Genomics, phytochemicals, and oxidative stressNF-κB Signaling PathwaysRedox biology and oxidative stress

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Dissecting molecular cross-talk between Nrf2 and NF-κB response pathways

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Wardyn, Joanna D., Ponsford, Amy H., Sanderson, Christopher M.·2015·Biochemical Society Transactions

DOI 10.1042/bst20150014PMC PMC4613495

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Abstract

In most tissues, cells are exposed to frequent changes in levels of oxidative stress and inflammation. Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) are the two key transcription factors that regulate cellular responses to oxidative stress and inflammation respectively. Pharmacological and genetic studies suggest that there is functional cross-talk between these two important pathways. The absence of Nrf2 can exacerbate NF-κB activity leading to increased cytokine production, whereas NF-κB can modulate Nrf2 transcription and activity, having both positive and negative effects on the target gene expression. This review focuses on the potentially complex molecular mechanisms that link the Nrf2 and NF-κB pathways and the importance of designing more effective therapeutic strategies to prevent or treat a broad range of neurological disorders.

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1 retracted

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BackgroundInfluential
Effects of dietary EPA/DHA ratio on the growth performance, intestinal microbiota, immunity and resistance to heat stress in abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino
Tabuariki, B. B., Chen, P., Lei, K., Sahandi, J., Fall, F. N., Chibuikem, C. K., Mai, K., & Zhang, W. (2024) · Aquaculture Reports · doi:10.1016/j.aqrep.2024.102085 · Cited by 9
Pretreatment with oleuropein protects the neonatal brain from hypoxia-ischemia by inhibiting apoptosis and neuroinflammation
Reyes‐Corral, M., Gil-González, L., González-Díaz, Á., Luzón., J. T., Ayuso, M. I., Lao, M., Montaner, J., de la Puerta, R., Fernández‐Torres, R., & Ybot‐González, P. (2024) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x241270237 · Cited by 9
Heme Oxygenase-1 and Prostate Cancer: Function, Regulation, and Implication in Cancer Therapy
Salloom, R. J., Ahmad, I. M., Sahtout, D. Z., Baine, M. J., & Abdalla, M. Y. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25179195 · Cited by 10
“This upregulation of HO-1 is not typically a direct induction but occurs through various signaling pathways, such as NRF2 and NF-Î B signaling pathways [56,81].”
Background
Exploring the benefits of astaxanthin as a functional food ingredient: Its effects on oxidative stress and reproductive outcomes in women with PCOS – A systematic review and single-arm meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials
Rodrigues, V. D., Boaro, B. L., Laurindo, L. F., Chagas, E. F. B., de Lima, E. P., Laurindo, L. F., & Barbalho, S. M. (2024) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00210-024-03432-w · Cited by 10
“As mentioned, this substance boosts the activity of Nrf2, which has the capacity to oppose the NF-κB pathway (Wardyn et al. 2015).”
Zhumeria majdae essential oil attenuates TNBS-induced colitis in rats by regulating inflammatory and apoptotic pathways
Aghamiri, H., Mohammadgholi-Beiki, A., Rashidian, R., Motevalian, M., Rahimi‐Moghaddam, P., Sheibani, M., & Jafari‐Sabet, M. (2024) · Inflammopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s10787-024-01574-0 · Cited by 9
“This interconnection establishes a regulatory network that balances apoptosis and inflammation with significant implications for various pathological conditions (Wardyn et al. 2015).”
Network-Based Drug Optimization toward the Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease: NRF2, MAO-B, Oxidative Stress, and Chronic Neuroinflammation
Duarte, P., Sanchez-Porro, F. J., Crisman, E., Cores, Á., Jiménez, I., Cuadrado, A., Menéndez, J. C., & Leon, R. M. (2025) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c02659 · Cited by 9
“15 Moreover, NRF2 exerts a direct regulation of the expression of pro-inflammatory genes by binding ARE sequences [e.g., CD36 is related in the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation 16,17 ] or by inhibiting RNA polymerase II recruitment due to NRF2 binding to the…”
Influential
PICK1 overexpression ameliorates endotoxin-induced acute lung injury by regulating mitochondrial quality control via maintaining Nrf-2 stabilization through activating the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β pathway and disrupting the E3 ubiquitin ligase adapter β-TrCP
Qian, M., Zhu, Y., Lin, W.-L., Lian, H., Xia, Y. L., Papadimos, T. J., & Wang, J. (2025) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2025.114685 · Cited by 9
An update on the involvement of inflammatory mediators in Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis
Verma, O., Faizan, M., Goswami, S., & Singh, M. P. (2025) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-025-04088-y · Cited by 11
“Besides, NF-κB also induces TNF-α, IL-1β, and reactive nitrogen species levels (Wardyn et al. 2015).”
Toxicological Effects of Air Pollutants on Human Airway Cell Models Using Air–liquid Interface Systems: A Systematic Review
Navarrete-Aliaga, Ó., Muriach, M., & Delgado-Saborit, J. M. (2025) · Current Environmental Health Reports · doi:10.1007/s40572-025-00491-w · Cited by 11
“Moreover, both NF-κB and Nrf2 are regulated by redox sensitive factors, and the absence of Nrf2 is associated with oxidative stress leading to increased cytokine production, since NF-κB is more readily activated in oxidative environments [164].”
Life Factors and Melanoma: From the Macroscopic State to the Molecular Mechanism
Wang, H., Zhang, H., Zhou, Y., Li, C., & Guo, W. (2025) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202501388 · Cited by 10
Molecular mechanisms in diquat-induced organs injury：insights into cell signaling and potential therapeutic agents
Han, S., Dong, D. F., & Liu, Z. (2025) · Cell Biology and Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s10565-025-10110-x · Cited by 9
Role of the antioxidant defence system and transcription factors in preventing heat stress in poultry: a dietary approach
Şahin, K., Şahin, E., Deeh, P. B. D., Kayri, V., Orhan, C., & Şahin, N. (2023) · World s Poultry Science Journal · doi:10.1080/00439339.2023.2234380 · Cited by 10
“In addition to its contribution to the antioxidative defence system, Nrf2 can regulate HSPs and prevent inflammation by diminishing NF-κB activity (Wardyn et al .”
Background
The Rationale for Sulforaphane Favourably Influencing Gut Homeostasis and Gut–Organ Dysfunction: A Clinician’s Hypothesis
Houghton, C. A. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241713448 · Cited by 9
“It is likely that the same or greater quantities of vegetables simultaneously upregulated Nrf2 and/or downregulated Nf-kB, two key transcription factors shown to act in concert [55,71].”
Background
Hydrogen administration improves the growth performance of juvenile largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) by increasing feed intake, reducing serum lipids, activating mTOR and Nrf2 signaling pathways, and altering the intestinal microbiota
Hu, J., Huang, L., Wang, L., Huang, W., Lai, M., Li, X., Lin, Y., & Sun, Y. (2023) · Aquaculture Reports · doi:10.1016/j.aqrep.2023.101749 · Cited by 10
Discovery and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of a Cyanobacterial Fatty Acid Targeting the Keap1/Nrf2 Pathway
Al‐Awadhi, F. H., Simon, E. F., Liu, N., Ratnayake, R., Paul, V. J., & Luesch, H. (2023) · Marine Drugs · doi:10.3390/md21110553 · Cited by 9
“A signiﬁ-cant body of evidence supports the link between oxidative stress and inﬂammation [2–4].”
Background
Azilsartan Attenuates 3-Nitropropinoic Acid-Induced Neurotoxicity in Rats: The Role of IĸB/NF-ĸB and KEAP1/Nrf2 Signaling Pathways
Hamouda, H. A., Sayed, R. H., Eid, N. I., & El‐Sayeh, B. M. (2024) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-023-04083-8 · Cited by 9
“For instance, the absenteeism of Nrf2 can aggravate NF-κB stimulation which leads to amplified cytokine production, while NF-κB can regulate the transcription and activity of Nrf2 [90] and thus can affect the antioxidant machinery [72].”
Background
O papel do fator nuclear eritroide 2 relacionado ao fator 2 (Nrf2) no diabetes mellitus
Hahn, G. F., de Oliveira, J. R., & Bock, P. M. (2017) · Clinical & Biomedical Research · doi:10.4322/2357-9730.73884 · Cited by 11
Identification of novel Nrf2/Keap1 pathway mutations in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Akın, D. F., Aktaş, S. H., Ünal, M. A., & Kankılıç, T. (2019) · Pediatric Hematology and Oncology · doi:10.1080/08880018.2019.1682090 · Cited by 9
“The studies in the literature have shown that NF-jB is involved in the inhibition of increased levels of oxidative and nitrosative stress via the triggering mechanisms leading to cytokine production.(8,13,14) Nrf2 activation via the direct disruption of the Nrf2-Keap1 protein–protein interaction has been widely invest…”
Background
Predicting the presence and mechanism of busulfan drug-drug interactions in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation using pharmacokinetic interaction network–based molecular structure similarity and network pharmacology
Hao, C., Ma, X., Wang, L., Zhang, W., Hu, J., Huang, J., & Yang, W. (2020) · European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00228-020-03034-4 · Cited by 9
Interaction of (+)-Strebloside and Its Derivatives with Na+/K+-ATPase and Other Targets
Ren, Y., Wu, S., Chen, S., Burdette, J. E., Cheng, X., & Kinghorn, A. D. (2021) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules26185675 · Cited by 10
“A crosstalk between NF-κB and Nrf2 has been evidenced by their regulation of the response to oxidative stress [22,23], and Nrf2 has been demonstrated as a downstream target of PI3K [30], indicating some potential crosstalk among NF-κB, Nrf2, and PI3K.”
Background
Pro-Inflammatory Serum Amyloid a Stimulates Renal Dysfunction and Enhances Atherosclerosis in Apo E-Deficient Mice
Gao, A., Gupta, S., Shi, H., Liu, Y., Schroder, A. L., Witting, P. K., & Ahmad, G. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms222212582 · Cited by 9
“However, the modulatory activity between Nrf2 and NF-kB can vary depending on cell type [69].”
Background
Cardiac NF-κB Acetylation Increases While Nrf2-Related Gene Expression and Mitochondrial Activity Are Impaired during the Progression of Diabetes in UCD-T2DM Rats
Thorwald, M. A., Godoy-Lugo, J. A., Rodríguez, R., Stanhope, K. L., Graham, J. L., Havel, P. J., Forman, H. J., & Ortiz, R. M. (2022) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox11050927 · Cited by 9
“NF-κB mediated chronic low-grade inflammation and subsequent oxidant generation such as T2DM [7,8].”
Background
Current and Future Therapeutical Options in Alport Syndrome
Reiterová, J., & Tesař, V. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24065522 · Cited by 9
Betaine ameliorates high glucose-induced oxidative stress in granulosa cells
Abnosi, M. H., Tabandeh, M. R., & Mosavi-aroo, F. (2023) · Reproduction Fertility and Development · doi:10.1071/rd22247 · Cited by 9
SARS-CoV-2 induced liver injury: Incidence, risk factors, impact on COVID-19 severity and prognosis in different population groups
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The nephroprotective effect of ellagic acid against diclofenac-induced renal injury in male rats: role of Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB/TNF-α pathways
Karimi-Matloub, S., Namavari, R., Hatefi-Hesari, F., Sadeghi, A., Matloub, R. K., Khaledi, M., Bakhtiari, A., & Nouri, A. (2022) · Biologia · doi:10.1007/s11756-022-01217-1 · Cited by 8
“Once Keap1 binds to Nrf2 and inhibits its activity, it could enhance the nuclear activity of NF-κB (Wardyn et al. 2015).”
Background
Interactions Between the Ubiquitin–Proteasome System, Nrf2, and the Cannabinoidome as Protective Strategies to Combat Neurodegeneration: Review on Experimental Evidence
Monsalvo-Maraver, L. Á., Ovalle-Noguez, E. A., Nava-Osorio, J., Maya-López, M., Rangel‐López, E., Túnez, I., Tinkov, A. A., Tizabi, Y., Aschner, M., Santamarı́a, A., et al. (2024) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/s12640-024-00694-3 · Cited by 9
“2013 ) complement the concept that Nrf2 is indirectly able to inhibit NF-kB (Kozela et al. 2010; Wardyn et al. 2015).”
Background
The effect of infection with the entomopathogenic fungus Conidiobolus coronatus (Entomopthorales) on eighteen cytokine-like proteins in Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera) larvae
Wrońska, A. K., Kaczmarek, A., Sobich, J., & Boguś, M. I. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1385863 · Cited by 8
“They ultimately activate NF-k B (Nuclear Factor kappa B) which, in mammalian cells, leads to the induction of cytokine genes and the establishment of innate immunity (22).”
Background
Pyroptosis in Skeleton Diseases: A Potential Therapeutic Target Based on Inflammatory Cell Death
Wu, Q., Du, J., Bae, E. J., & Choi, Y. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25169068 · Cited by 8
“This study also highlighted that Lico A inhibited the NLRP3 inflammasome by blocking NF-κ B and proposed that this inhibition was mediated through Nrf2’s role in preventing NF-κ B nuclear translocation, a process supported by earlier evidence of Nrf2’s involvement in NF-κ B modulation [147,148].”
Background
A quantitative proteomic approach to evaluate the efficacy of carnosine in a murine model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
D’Amato, A., Altomare, A., Gilardoni, E., Baron, G., Carini, M., Melloni, E., Padoani, G., Vailati, S., Caponetti, G., & Aldini, G. (2024) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2024.103374 · Cited by 8
“Nrf2 activation by carnosine can explain some of the effects observed in the COPD model and in particular the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, mediated by the activation of antioxidant enzymes and through NFKB inhibition, respectively [67 – 69].”
Cyclophosphamide-induced pulmonary toxicity involves oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis with impaired Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling: Protective role of rosmarinic acid
Abukhalil, M. H., Althunibat, O. Y., Althobaiti, N. A., Alaryani, F. S., Albalawi, A. E., Alhasani, R. H., Felemban, S. G., Al-Zayadneh, A. J., Al-Shara, B., & Alwardat, S. (2025) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2025.115552 · Cited by 8
Type 3 Diabetes: A Molecular Link Between Cerebral Insulin Resistance and Neurodegeneration via AGE–RAGE Signaling
Verma, A., Sharma, M., Alam, O., & Anwer, T. (2025) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.70364 · Cited by 10
“Studies have shown that nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf-2) and NF-κB interact significantly, with Nrf-2 acting to suppress the pro-inflammatory pathways that NF-κB drives (Wardyn et al. 2015).”
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and in vitro and in vivo approaches to study their mechanisms of action and the protective properties of natural compounds
Martati, E., Wang, H., Rietjens, I. M. C. M., & Zheng, L. (2026) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2026.157772 · Cited by 11
TPNA10168, an Nrf-2 activator, attenuates inflammatory responses independently of Nrf2 in microglial BV-2 cells: Involvement of the extracellular-signal-regulated kinase pathway
Izumi, Y., Tatsumoto, A., Horiuchi, N., Arifuku, M., Uegomori, M., Kume, T., & Kōyama, Y. (2022) · Journal of Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jphs.2022.02.004 · Cited by 8
Leonurine inhibits the TXNIP/NLRP3 and NF‐κB pathways via Nrf2 activation to alleviate carrageenan‐induced pleurisy in mice
Yan, K., Hu, J., Hou, T., Ci, X., & Peng, L. (2022) · Phytotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/ptr.7437 · Cited by 8
Targeting Nrf2 and NF-κB Signaling Pathways in Inflammatory Pain: The Role of Polyphenols from Thinned Apples
Interdonato, L., Ferrario, G., Cordaro, M., D’Amico, R., Siracusa, R., Fusco, R., Impellizzeri, D., Cuzzocrea, S., Aldini, G., & Paola, R. D. (2023) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules28145376 · Cited by 9
“The nuclear translocation of NF-κB increases the transcription of the particular genes involved in the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines [50,51].”
Background
A Review of the Potential of Nuclear Factor [Erythroid-Derived 2]-like 2 Activation in Autoimmune Diseases
Ateş, İ., Yılmaz, A. D., Buttari, B., Arese, M., Saso, L., & Süzen, S. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13111532 · Cited by 9
“To accomplish this, Nrf2 interacts with nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) via various chemical connections [23].”
Background
Isobavachalcone attenuates liver fibrosis via activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in rats
Wang, X., Tian, H., Chen, J., Huang, D., Ding, F., Ma, T., Xi, J. Y., Wu, C., & Zhang, Y. (2024) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111398 · Cited by 8
Oleuropein ameliorates hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress,inflammatory and liver dysfunction biomarkers, in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats
Mohamed, N. A., Hussein, M. M., Ahmed, O. M., Al-Jameel, S. S., Al-Muzafar, H. M., Amin, K. A., & Abdou, H. M. (2024) · Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science · doi:10.7324/japs.2024.167994 · Cited by 9
“According to Wardyn et al. [66] , oleuropein decreased NF-κB p65, phospho-p65, COX-2, and TNF-α, production in the kidneys as a result of cisplatin therapy.”
AMPK activation; a potential strategy to mitigate TKI-induced cardiovascular toxicity
Safaie, N., Idari, G., Ghasemi, D., Hajiabbasi, M., Alivirdiloo, V., Masoumi, S., Zavvar, M., Majidi, Z., & Faridvand, Y. (2024) · Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1080/13813455.2024.2426494 · Cited by 8
“…that activating Nrf2 while controlling the activation of NF-κB could be an effective strategy in protecting against tKi-induced cardiotoxicity (wardyn et al. 2015, Gao et al. 2022). cardiotoxicity from tKis can involve various pathways, including oxidative stress and inflammation pathways…”
Urolithin B as a renoprotective agent against 5-fluorouracil-induced nephrotoxicity: Role of Nrf2/Keap1/HO-1, SIRT1/FOXO3, and NF-кB/TNF-α signaling pathways
Al-Rabia, M. W., Asfour, H. Z., Mansouri, R. A., Abdulaal, W. H., Choudhry, H., El‐Agamy, D. S., Alhakamy, N. A., Alrabea, R. N., Mosaoa, R., Mohamed, G. A., et al. (2024) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2024.115129 · Cited by 8
Nobiletin Decreases Inflammatory Mediator Expression in Tumor Necrosis Factor‐Stimulated Human Periodontal Ligament Cells
Hosokawa, Y., Hosokawa, I., & Ozaki, K. (2021) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2021/5535844 · Cited by 8
“HMOX1 could inhibit NF-κB activation, and NFE2L2 is related to HMOX1 production [19].”
Background
Nitrolipids in kidney physiology and disease
Jobbagy, S., & Tan, R. J. (2018) · Nitric Oxide · doi:10.1016/j.niox.2018.03.021 · Cited by 9
Acute exposure to organic and inorganic sources of copper: Differential response in intestinal cell lines
Keenan, J., O’Sullivan, F., Henry, M. A., Breen, L., Doolan, P., Sinkunaite, I., Meleady, P., CLYNES, M. M., Horgan, K. A., & Murphy, R. A. (2018) · Food Science & Nutrition · doi:10.1002/fsn3.857 · Cited by 9
Phikud Navakot Modulates the Level of Pro-Inflammatory Mediators and the Protein Expression of SOD1 and 2 and the Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathway in Rats with Acute Myocardial Infarction
Gerdprasert, O., Choomchuay, N., Chantong, B., Sutanthavibul, N., Meksuriyen, D., & Nusuetrong, P. (2019) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2019/4823645 · Cited by 8
Zinc oxide nanoparticles from Corydalis yanhusuo attenuated the mycoplasmal pneumonia in mice through inhibiting the MAPKs signaling pathway
Chen, L., Chen, J., Ramesh, T., Seshadri, V. D., & Zhu, L. (2020) · Microbial Pathogenesis · doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104270 · Cited by 8

Authors: Wardyn, J. D., Ponsford, A. H., & Sanderson, C. M.
Affiliations: University of Liverpool (GB)
Corresponding author: Sanderson, Christopher M.
ORCID: Ponsford, Amy H.
Sanderson, Christopher M.
Venue: Biochemical Society Transactions
Publisher: Portland Press Ltd.
Published: 2015-08-01
Volume: 43
Issue: 4
Pages: 621-626
ISSN: 0300-5127 (ISSN-L)
1470-8752
DOI: 10.1042/bst20150014
PMC: PMC4613495
OpenAlex: W2133584350
Cited by: 1,200
References: 53
Citations by year: 2026: 139 · 2025: 131 · 2024: 117 · 2023: 145 · 2022: 165 · 2021: 154 · 2020: 124 · 2019: 95 · 2018: 68 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 1
FWCI: 4.09
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Biochemical Society Transactions (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Wellcome Trust (096564/Z/11/Z)
Directorate for Biological Sciences
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (1222890, BB/J014516/1)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics, phytochemicals, and oxidative stress
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › NF-κB Signaling Pathways
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
Keywords: Nrf2, NF-κB, oxidative stress, inflammation, cytokine production, neurological disorders, treatment options
MeSH terms: Animals, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Nervous System Diseases, Signal Transduction, Cytokines, NF-kappa B, Oxidative Stress, NF-E2-Related Factor 2

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Dissecting molecular cross-talk between Nrf2 and NF-κB response pathways

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