Classification of Children With Specific Language Impairment: Longitudinal Considerations
Abstract
This paper reports on the longitudinal results of a large project involving 242 seven-year-old children attending language units in England. Following our work outlining 6 subgroups of children with language impairment (Conti-Ramsden, Crutchley, & Botting, 1997), we examine the stability of the 6 subgroups of children with specific language impairment already identified, using data collected from the same children at age 8 years. The findings suggest there is considerable stability in the patterns of difficulties delineated by the classification system involving 6 subgroups. Poorer stability was evident in the classification of the children across time with 45% of children moving across subgroups. The membership stability of the proposed classification system was very similar to that found when the children were classified into 3 subgroups following another well-known system (Rapin, 1996). The findings are discussed with particular reference to issues surrounding the classification of children with SLI.
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DLD presents with a heterogeneous profile, with considerable individual variability in severity, language areas affected, and changes in the nature or severity of deficits over time.
“DLD presents with a heterogeneous profile (Leonard, 1998), with considerable individual variability in severity, language areas affected, and changes in the nature/severity of deficits over time (Conti-Ramsden & Botting, 1999).”
From Early Identification of Language Disorders Using Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning: Challenges and Emerging Approaches (2025) · cites this paper as Conti-Ramsden & Botting, 1999
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Spanoudis, G. C., Natsopoulos, D., & Panayiotou, G. (2007) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.1080/13682820601010027 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Visual Speech Perception in Children With Language Learning Impairments
Knowland, V. C. P., Evans, S., Snell, C., & Rosen, S. (2016) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2015_jslhr-s-14-0269 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
The impact of oral language skills on the production of written text
Dockrell, J. E., & Connelly, V. J. (2009) · British Psychological Society eBooks · doi:10.1348/000709909x421919 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Larkin, R. F., & Snowling, M. J. (2008) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.1080/13682820601178584 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
- Authors
- Conti-Ramsden, G., & Botting, N.
- Affiliations
- Centre for the Study of Language Impairments University of Manchester Manchester, United Kingdom
- University of Manchester (GB)
- ORCID
- Botting, Nicola
- Venue
- Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
- Published
- 1999-10
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1195-1204
- ISSN
- 1092-4388 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-9102
- OpenAlex
- W2093496261
- Cited by
- 334
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 12.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Nuffield Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Hearing Impairment and Communication
- Keywords
- specific language impairment, subgroup classification, classification stability, longitudinal follow-up, linguistic units, children with language impairment
- MeSH terms
- Child, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Language Disorders, Language Tests, Male, Severity of Illness Index, Reproducibility of Results, Cluster Analysis
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