Maternal education and measures of early speech and language.

“Home literacy resources and family socioeconomic status (SES) are also correlated with various aspects of young children’s language and literacy development (Chung et al., 2016; Dollaghan et al., 1999; Hua et al., 2002).”

“In some studies, the comparison groups are not matched on factors that are commonly considered to infl uence children ’ s language development (e.g. age, socioeconomic status and maternal education) (Dollaghan et al., 1999; Hoff & Tian, 2005).”

“…environmental and family factors on verbal and non-verbal skills, since studies have shown that higher levels of maternal education correlate with more advanced speech and language development in TD children and children with developmental disabilities (Campbell et al. 2003, Dollaghan et al. 1999).”

“Because socioeconomic disadvantage is associated with reduced expressive and receptive language (Dollaghan et al., 1999), we hypothesized that children of lower socioeconomic status would have a lower ability to accurately label flavors and a lower recall ability when compared to children of higher socioeconomic statu…”

“Social disadvantage has been linked to poorer expressive and receptive language in normal-hearing children at four years of age (Reilly et al, 2010), speech production at three years of age (Dollaghan et al, 1999), and academic underachievement for school-aged children (Hart & Risley, 1995).”

“Because socioeconomic factors, especially maternal education (cf. Dollaghan et al., 1999; Hart & Risley, 1995), are known to influence certain aspects of language development, it would be important to ensure that the groups were well matched on this variable.”

“Recall that Dollaghan et al. (1999) found that there was a relationship between low maternal education and low MLU values.”

“, [15, 34])) and site, which may relate to minor administration differences or underlying demographic differences between sites.”

“It is well established that socioeconomic status (SES) is related to vocabulary development and that, as a group, children from families with low SES have lower vocabularies (Hart & Risley, 1995) and slower rates of vocabulary development (Dollaghan et al., 1999) than children from families with middle and high SES.”

“Each model was conducted in two levels where maternal education was first entered as a covariate, given the well-documented relationship between maternal education level and children’s language development (Campbell et al., 2003; Dollaghan et al., 1999).”

“Similarly, children from families of higher socioeconomic status have achieved better speech production, language and literacy outcomes (Connor & Zwolan, 2004; Dollaghan et al., 1999; Holt & Svirsky, 2008; Niparko et al., 2010; Tobey et al., 2003).”

“These measures are commonly used in the analysis of language samples in the field of language disorders and in the analysis of spoken language samples of children with hearing loss (Dollaghan et al., 1999; Geers et al., 2003b; Klee, 1992; Nittrouer et al., 2014; Pan, 1994; Paul, 2001; Watkins et al., 1995).”

“Based on evidence that maternal education is associated with child vocabulary development (e.g., Dollaghan et al. 1999), years of maternal education was entered as a covariate.”

“This result is in accordance with several studies observing the associations of family SES and the early communicative environment of the child (Dollaghan et al., 1999; Huttenlocher et al., 1991; Zambrana et al., 2012).”

“Previous research has reported that children from low SES families have, on average, more limited language skills (Hart & Risley, 1995) and slower rates of language development (Dollaghan et al., 1999) vis-à-vis children from higher SES strata.”

“…young children: a positive family history of developmental communication disorder, defined as at least one affected firstdegree relative by parent report (cf. Tomblin, 1989); male gender (cf. Campbell et al., 2003); and a mother who had not graduated from high school (cf. Dollaghan et al., 1999).”

“…on the acquisition of language skills, as children from lower SES families often lag behind those from higher SES families in vocabulary size (Hoff-Ginsberg, 1998; Pan et al., 2005; Rescorla, 1989) and grammatical development (Arriaga, Fenson, Cronan, & Pethick, 1998; Dollaghan et al., 1999).”

“Maternal characteristics included the mother’s age at the child’s birth [63], maternal education [64], and parenting style [2].”

“This finding is consistent with previous literature (e.g., Dollaghan et al., 1999; Magnuson et al., 2009; Marjanovič-Umek et al., 2016, 2008).”

“In other studies, researchers employ maternal education as a proxy for SES; maternal education is the component of SES that is most closely related to parenting (Hoff, Laursen, & Tardif, 2002) and is correlated with vocabulary development during early childhood (Dollaghan et al., 1999; Hoff, 2003).”

“The following covariates were included in the model to control for their possible effects on the dependent variables: participants’ chronological age (in months) at the first visit, gender and maternal education (Dollaghan et al., 1999).”

“Despite their efforts to control for confounding factors, it turned out that children in the stuttering group came from higher SES backgrounds with higher levels of maternal education than did children in the nonstuttering group, a difference that could have influenced their language development (Dollaghan et al., 199…”

“Krott and Nicoladis focused on parsing ability of their young participants, but we expected that our older participants would do well with parsing but would have some difficulty with the developmentally more advanced chore of explaining the modifier–head relationship.”

“…given that other research has found an association between parent education level and children’s early language development (Bracken & Fischel, 2008; Dollaghan et al., 1999), and the quality of the home literacy environment provided to the child (Bracken & Fischel, 2008; Rodriguez et al., 2009).”

“…quantify SES, the most often-used, single-scale indicator in child development research has been maternal education (Bornstein et al., 2003; Campbell et al., 2003; DeGarmo et al., 1999; Dollaghan et al., 1999; Ensminger & Fothergill, 2014; Hoff et al., 2011; Hoffman, 2003; Richels & Johnson, 2013).”

“Although these measures tend to be moderately to highly associated (e.g., Conway et al., 2017), SES-related gaps in vocabulary have been reported to be larger regarding receptive compared to productive vocabulary at age 3 (e.g., Dollaghan et al., 1999).”

“Several sociodemographic variables, such as parental education and family income, have been linked to children’s developmental performance and have been found to be more influential than race or ethnicity (Dollaghan et al. 1999).”

“More specifically, studies have determined the central role of the mother’s education as a predictor of child language development (Dollaghan et al. 1999; Hoff, 2003; Pancsofar & Vernon-Feagans, 2006), although the influence of the father’s education has also been emphasized (Pancsofar &…”

“Dollaghan et al. (1999) reported that children whose mothers attained some form of higher education had stronger language skills than children whose mothers attained education at the high-school level or below.”

“Several studies have resulted in SESbased variations on tests of receptive and expressive vocabulary (Allison, Robinson, Hennington, & Bettagere, 2011; Dollaghan et al., 1999; Horton-Ikard & Weismer, 2007; Qi, Kaiser, Milan, & Hancock, 2006).”

“…influence of variables such as family history, maternal education, caregiver input, and performance IQ, which have been shown or are assumed to be associated with language performance (e.g., Dollaghan et al., 1999; Rice, Smith, & Gayan, 2009; Weisleder & Fernald, 2013), has not been investigated.”

“Similarly, children from highly educated mothers typically perform better on language and other developmental tests 75,76 , which is consistent with some of our earlier findings in this group of children 16 .”

“Although there are a few exceptions (e.g., Domina & Roksa, 2012; Harding, 2015; Magnuson, 2007; Magnuson et al., 2009), most studies examine maternal education as a stable construct, measuring it at one point in time and not accounting for changes (Dollaghan et al., 1999; Magnuson, 2007).”

“Although we expect similarities across measures of form, content, and use, there could still be differences across the geographic locations (Dollaghan et al., 1999; Hart & Risley, 1995; Heath, 1982; PurcellGates, 1991; Scarborough & Dobrich, 1994).”

“Prior to children’s school entry, higher maternal education has been associated with more advanced spontaneous language production [18] and with higher performance on standardized cognitive achievement tests [19].”

“However, it is reasonable to predict, in line with other studies (e.g. Campbell et al., 2003; Dollaghan et al., 1999; Hart & Risley, 1995; Hoff, 2003), that when tested at age 3 years, this group will perform less well on language measures than the children of higher SES and higher maternal education background.”

“In the analysis, a point of departure was Frederickson and Frith ’ s (1998) operationalization of phonological D ow nl oa de d by [ C en tr al M ic hi ga n U ni ve rs ity ] at 1 4: 38 0 5 N ov em be r 20 15”

“, Dollaghan et al., 1999; Huttenlocher, Vasilyeva, Cymerman, & Levine, 2002; Morisset, Barnard, Greenberg, Booth, & Spieker, 1990). The dominant explanation for these correlations rests on the role of maternal language. The idea is that mothers from low-SES families tend to produce less language overall and less compl…”

“Finally, studies indicate an incidence of 16–29 % of SLI in children of parents with low educational attainment, in contrast to 8 % or so in children of parents with high educational attainment (Dollaghan et al. 1999).”

“Maternal education has previously been shown to strongly correlate with child physical and cognitive health and development (Bradley & Corwyn, 2002; Chen et al., 2021; Desai & Alva, 1998; Dollaghan et al., 1999; Yakovlev, 1967).”

“Accordingly, previous studies have found maternal educational level related to early language development, as measured by the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories [44,45], although others have failed to find this relationship when linguistically, culturally, and developmentally appropriate instruments are u…”

“Furthermore, preschoolers with less educated mothers produce fewer and less diverse words and shorter utterances than children with more educated mothers (Dollaghan et al. 1999; Vasilyeva, Waterfall, and Huttenlocher 2008; Huttenlocher et al. 2010).”

“…of parents with a postsecondary education (versus a high school diploma) perform better on tests of cognition and behavior during childhood (Dollaghan et al., 1999; Kahn, Wilson, & Wise, 2005), are more likely to earn a postsecondary credential (Attewell & Lavin, 2007), and earn more…”

“Such findings are commensurate with those revealed hitherto by Hart and Risley (1995), Arriaga et al. (1998), Dollaghan et al. (1999), and Rescorla and Alley (2001).”

“Among the different variables that compose and correlate strongly with socioeconomic status (for example, family income, ethnicity, mother-child interaction), parental education level is a centrally important factor of early childhood language development (Delgado et al. 2005; Dollaghan et al. 1999; Gottfried et al. 2…”

“More specifically, an early study by Dollaghan and colleagues [31] and a later study by Cupples and colleagues [32] found that parental education level statistically predicted receptive language skills in a cohort of typically developing, normal hearing 3-year-old children.”

“Similarly, mothers with a higher level of education and a more positive attitude to literacy activities have been observed to have children with higher language and literacy skills (Dollaghan et al., 1999).”

“Based on the extant literature on child vocabulary and maternal education, we expanded the eligibility range to 85–130 (Dollaghan et al. 1999).”

“Numerous studies have provided evidence that maternal education levels are positively associated with language performance as measured by standardized tests among African American children from low-income families (Dollaghan et al., 1999; Qi et al., 2003; Qi, Kaiser, Milan, & Hancock, 2006; Raviv, Kessenich, & Morriso…”

“Research exploring children at risk of reading and academic difficulties has shown that maternal education works as a preventative measure for difficulties (Dollaghan et al., 1999; Lervåg, Dolean, Tincas, & Melby-Lervåg, 2019), but this relationship is complicated (Harding, Morris, & Hughes, 2015).”

“The present study aligned with prior work (Branum-Martin et al., 2014; Dollaghan et al., 1999; Rowe et al., 2005; Vernon-Feagans et al., 2019) in showing that greater parental education was uniquely associated with more overall language activities in English.”

“Knowledge gaps might correspond to learning relatively difficult concepts, and one could hypothesize that gaps would occur more frequently in the growing semantic networks of children with mothers having achieved a higher level of education, which – along with socioeconomic status [34, 51] – can significantly impact c…”

“which were reviewed in the introduction (Dollaghan et al., 1999; Whitehurst, 1997).”

“As prior studies have shown age, parent-assessed home language quality (Duncan et al., 2020), home FMS environment (Wang et al., 2014), language spoken at home, and maternal education (Dollaghan et al., 1999) to have an impact on language skills, we added these as control variables to this study.”

“Dollaghan et al. (1999) used percentage of consonants correct as their outcome measure of speech ability and reported no significant association with maternal education.”