Cited by 482Language Development and DisordersReading and Literacy DevelopmentHearing Impairment and Communication

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Maternal education and measures of early speech and language.

Dollaghan, Christine A., Campbell, Thomas F., Paradise, Jack L., Feldman, Heidi M., Janosky, Janine E., Pitcairn, Dayna N., Kurs-Lasky, Marcia·1999·Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research

DOI 10.1044/jslhr.4206.1432

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Abstract

The present study was designed to determine whether 4 measures of children's spontaneous speech and language differed according to the educational level of the children's mothers. Spontaneous language samples from 240 three-year-old children were analyzed to determine mean length of utterance in morphemes (MLUm), number of different words (NDW), total number of words (TNW), and percentage of consonants correct (PCC). A norm-referenced, knowledge-dependent measure of language comprehension, the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R), was also included for purposes of comparison with the spontaneous measures. Three levels of maternal education were compared: less than high school graduate, high school graduate, and college graduate. Trend analyses showed statistically significant linear trends across educational levels for MLUm, NDW, TNW, and PPVT-R; the trend for PCC was not significant. The relationship of maternal education and other sociodemographic variables to measures of children's language should be examined before using such measures to identify children with language disorders.

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Background
A Psychometric Review of Norm-Referenced Tests Used to Assess Phonological Error Patterns
Kirk, C. J., & Vigeland, L. M. (2014) · Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools · doi:10.1044/2014_lshss-13-0053 · Cited by 39
“For example, children from lower SES backgrounds often have lower language test scores than children from higher SES backgrounds (Dollaghan et al., 1999; Hoff, 2003).”
Background
Age-related improvement in complex language comprehension: Results of a cross-sectional study with 361 children aged 5 to 15
Wassenberg, R., Hurks, P. P. M., Hendriksen, J. G. M., FERON, F. J. M., Meijs, C. J. C., Vles, J. S. H., & Jolles, J. (2008) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390701523091 · Cited by 39
“Additionally, with respect to early language development, previous research has demonstrated that girls have an advantage over boys (Bauer, Goldfield, & Reznick, 2002; Dodd, Holm, Hua, & Crosbie, 2003; Holm, Greaker, & Stroemberg, 2002; Roulstone, Loader, Northstone, & Beveridge, 2002; Tse, Kwon, Chan, & Li, 2002), an…”
Result
Mothers’ parenting knowledge and its sources in five societies: Specificity in and across Argentina, Belgium, Italy, South Korea, and the United States
Bornstein, M. H., Yu, J., & Putnick, D. L. (2019) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025419861440 · Cited by 39
Parent-child interaction therapy and language facilitation: The role of parent-training on language development.
Tempel, A. B., Wagner, S., & McNeil, C. B. (2009) · The Journal of Speech and Language Pathology – Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1037/h0100241 · Cited by 38
Preschoolers with developmental speech and/or language impairment: Efficacy of the Teaching Early Literacy and Language (TELL) curriculum
Wilcox, M. J., Gray, S. I., & Reiser, M. (2019) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2019.10.005 · Cited by 38
Children's writing ability: Effects of parent's education, mental speed and intelligence
Rindermann, H., Michou, C. D., & Thompson, J. (2011) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2011.07.010 · Cited by 38
Early Language Delay and Specific Language Impairment
Moyle, J., Stokes, S. F., & Klee, T. M. (2011) · Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/ddrr.1110 · Cited by 47
Dyslexia and Phonology
Høien, T., & Lundberg, I. (2000) · Neuropsychology and cognition · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-1329-0_4 · Cited by 37
Learning to Participate: Effect of Child Age and Parental Education on Participation in Pediatric Visits
Cox, E. D., Smith, M. A., Brown, R. L., & Fitzpatrick, M. (2009) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410230902804141 · Cited by 38
“Children of more educated mothers perform better on several measures of spontaneous language production (Dollaghan et al., 1999).”
Background
Behavioral and computational aspects of language and its acquisition
Edelman, S., & Waterfall, H. (2007) · Physics of Life Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2007.10.001 · Cited by 39
Variability in Responding to Joint Attention Cues in the First Year is Associated With Autism Outcome
Stallworthy, I. C., Lasch, C., Berry, D. J., Wolff, J. J., Pruett, J. R., Marrus, N. M., Swanson, M. R., Botteron, K. N., Dager, S. R., Estes, A. M., et al. (2021) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2021.03.023 · Cited by 41
Factors Associated With Specific Language Impairment and Later Language Development During Early Life: A Literature Review
Prathanee, B., Thinkhamrop, B., & Dechongkit, S. (2007) · Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.1177/0009922806297153 · Cited by 36
Language Development Survey Provides a Useful Screening Tool for Language Delay in Preterm Infants
Mossabeb, R., Wade, K. C., Finnegan, K., Sivieri, E. M., & Abbasi, S. (2012) · Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.1177/0009922812439244 · Cited by 36
“This is consistent with the risk factors for expressive language delay in all children, which include poverty, low parental education attainment, family history of language delays, maternal depression, and male gender.(30-32) Male gender in premature infants is also a consistent risk factor for more severe lung diseas…”
Background
Risk factors associated with language development problems in childhood--a literature review.
Chaimay, B., Thinkhamrop, B., & Thinkhamrop, J. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 35
A Multivariate Investigation of Maternal Risks and Their Relationship to Low-Income, Preschool Children's Competencies
Perry, M. A., & Fantuzzo, J. W. (2010) · Applied Developmental Science · doi:10.1080/10888690903510281 · Cited by 34
“For example, Dollaghan and colleagues ( 1999 ) found that maternal education is positively associated with children's receptive vocabulary, and Youngblut and associates ( 2001 ) found that maternal employment was positively related to children's achievement and inversely associated with children's externalizing behavi…”
Background
Early changes in brain structure correlate with language outcomes in children with neonatal encephalopathy
Shapiro, K. A., Kim, H., Mandelli, M. L., Rogers, E. E., Gano, D. L., Ferriero, D. M., Barkovich, A. J., Gorno‐Tempini, M. L., Glass, H. C., & Xu, D. (2017) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2017.06.015 · Cited by 34
Early Predictors and Correlates of Communication Function in Children With Cerebral Palsy
Hidecker, M. J. C., Slaughter‐Acey, J., Abeysekara, P. M., Ho, N. T., Dodge, N. N., Hurvitz, E. A., Workinger, M. S., Kent, R. D., Rosenbaum, P., Lenski, M., et al. (2018) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/0883073817754006 · Cited by 34
“Future research could also explore maternal education and other measures of SES as predictors of CFCS.(39) Another limitation is that topographical and motor types were collected from parent and physician report.”
Influential
Natural Language Input: Maternal Education, Socioeconomic Deprivation, and Language Outcomes in Typically Developing Children
Sultana, N., Wong, L. L. N., & Purdy, S. C. (2020) · Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools · doi:10.1044/2020_lshss-19-00095 · Cited by 45
Markers for persistent specific expressive language delay in 3-4-year-olds.
Everitt, A., Hannaford, P., & Conti-Ramsden, G. (2013) · International journal of language and communication disorders · doi:10.1111/1460-6984.12028 · Cited by 42
Are the Effects of Variation in Quantity of Daily Bilingual Exposure and Socioeconomic Status on Language and Cognitive Abilities Independent in Preschool Children?
Dicataldo, R., & Roch, M. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17124570 · Cited by 38
“Morpho-syntactic skills and narrative competence were also found to be influenced by the variation in SES [55,59].”
Background
Observed and Parent-Report Measures of Social Communication in Toddlers With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder Across Race/Ethnicity
Stronach, S. T., & Wetherby, A. M. (2017) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2016_ajslp-15-0089 · Cited by 36
Short persistent sleep duration is associated with poor receptive vocabulary performance in middle childhood
Seegers, V., Touchette, É., Dionne, G., Petit, D., Séguin, J. R., Montplaisir, J. Y., Vitaro, F., Falissard, B., Boivin, M., & Tremblay, R. E. (2016) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12375 · Cited by 35
“…at age 4 years from parental reports on three items from the Social Behaviour Questionnaire (SBQ) (Gagnon et al., 1995) (˃ 1 SD above the mean) and parental education level (both parents without a high school diploma versus one or both parents with a high school diploma) (Dollaghan et al., 1999).”
Background
Developmental screening in context: adaptation and standardization of the Denver Developmental Screening Test‐II (DDST‐II) for Sri Lankan children
Wijedasa, D. (2011) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2011.01332.x · Cited by 36
Hindrances for Parents in Enhancing Child Language
Topping, K. J., Dekhinet, R., & Zeedyk, S. (2011) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-011-9169-4 · Cited by 32
“With respect to grammatical development, high-SES children produced longer responses to adult speech, scored higher on standardized tests of grammatical development (Dollaghan et al. 1999) (this medium quality study had very little information about sampling structure), and performed better on productive and receptive…”
Background
Social Communication Is Predicted by Inhibitory Ability and ADHD Traits in Preschool-Aged Children
Rints, A., McAuley, T., & Nilsen, E. S. (2014) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054714558873 · Cited by 38
“Nearly all of our children were Caucasian and came from families in which parents had completed at least some postsecondary education, the latter of which may be associated aspects of language development (e.g., Dollaghan et al., 1999).”
Background
Improving health service access and wellbeing of young Aboriginal parents in an urban setting: mixed methods evaluation of an arts‐based program
Jersky, M., Titmuss, A., Haswell, M., Freeman, N. S., Osborne, P., Callaghan, L., Winters, J., Fitzpatrick, S., & Zwi, K. J. (2015) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1111/1753-6405.12448 · Cited by 31
Exploring socioeconomic differences in syntactic development through the lens of real-time processing
Huang, Y. T., Leech, K. A., & Rowe, M. L. (2016) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2016.11.004 · Cited by 36
“Notably, these effects are also present in syntactic development (Dollaghan et al., 1999; Hoff-Ginsberg, 1986; Huttenlocher, Vasilyeva, Cymerman, & Levine, 2002; Huttenlocher, Vasilyeva, Waterfall, Vevea, & Hedges, 2007; Huttenlocher, Waterfall, Vasilyeva, Vevea, & Hedges, 2010; Morisset, Barnard,…”
Comparing Word Characteristic Effects on Vocabulary of Children with Cochlear Implants
Lund, E. (2019) · The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education · doi:10.1093/deafed/enz015 · Cited by 30
Relating input factors and dual language proficiency in French–English bilingual children
Cohen, C. (2014) · International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism · doi:10.1080/13670050.2014.982506 · Cited by 30
“Hoff-Ginsberg 1998), tend to score higher on measures of syntactic development (Dollaghan et al. 1999) and produce more complex utterances (Snow 1999).”
Background
Predictors of growth or attrition of the first language in Latino children with specific language impairment
Simon‐Cereijido, G., Gutiérrez‐Clellen, V. F., & Sweet, M. A. (2012) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716412000215 · Cited by 30
“We collected information on the families’ income level and maternal education because these variables are deemed to be risk factors for language delays (Dollaghan et al., 1999; Jewkes, 2004; Payne, Whitehurst, & Angell, 1994).”
Background
Bilingual Preschoolers' Spontaneous Productions: Considering Jamaican Creole and English
Washington, K. N., Fritz, K., Crowe, K. M., Kelly, B., & Karem, R. W. (2019) · Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools · doi:10.1044/2018_lshss-18-0072 · Cited by 30
Interest in early shared reading: Its relation to later language and letter knowledge in children with and without risk for reading difficulties
Laakso, M., Poikkeus, A., Eklund, K., & Lyytinen, P. (2004) · First Language · doi:10.1177/0142723704046041 · Cited by 30
African American Mothers’ Views of Their Infants’ Language Development and Language-Learning Environment
Hammer, C. S., & Weiss, A. L. (2000) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/1058-0360.0902.126 · Cited by 31
The role of phonological working memory and environmental factors in lexical development in Italian-speaking late talkers: A one year follow up study
Marini, A., Ruffino, M., Sali, M. E., & Molteni, M. (2017) · Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2017_jslhr-l-15-0415 · Cited by 29
Home language maintenance in bilingual children with normal hearing and with hearing loss who use cochlear implants
Bunta, F., & Castilla-Earls, A. P. (2021) · Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics · doi:10.1080/02699206.2021.1990412 · Cited by 29
“Similarly, Dollaghan et al. (1999) found that different levels of maternal education (less than high school graduate, high school graduate, and college graduate) showed positive linear trends for mean length of utterance (MLU), number of different words (NDW), and total number of words (TNW) but…”
Background
Late Language Emergence: A literature review
Nouraey, P., Ayatollahi, M. A., & Moghadas, M. (2021) · Sultan Qaboos University medical journal · doi:10.18295/squmj.2021.21.02.005 · Cited by 43
Test selection, adaptation, and evaluation: A systematic approach to assess nutritional influences on child development in developing countries
Prado, E. L., Hartini, S. H. A., Rahmawati, A., Ismayani, E., Hidayati, A., Hikmah, N., Muadz, H., Apriatni, M. S., Ullman, M. T., Shankar, A. H., et al. (2009) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1348/000709909x470483 · Cited by 28
The Impact of Language Input on Deaf and Hard of Hearing Preschool Children Who Use Listening and Spoken Language
Rufsvold, R., Wang, Y., Hartman, M. C., Arora, S. B., & Smolen, E. R. (2018) · American annals of the deaf · doi:10.1353/aad.2018.0010 · Cited by 29

Authors: Dollaghan, C. A., Campbell, T. F., Paradise, J. L., Feldman, H. M., Janosky, J. E., Pitcairn, D. N., & Kurs-Lasky, M.
Affiliations: University of Pittsburgh (US)
Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (US)
University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA
ORCID: Campbell, Thomas F.
Feldman, Heidi M.
Venue: Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research
Publisher: American Speech Language Hearing Association
Published: 1999-12
Volume: 42
Issue: 6
Pages: 1432-1443
ISSN: 1092-4388 (ISSN-L)
1558-9102
DOI: 10.1044/jslhr.4206.1432
OpenAlex: W2093177159
Cited by: 481
References: 70
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 27
FWCI: 10.33
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (2r01hd026026-10a2, 5r29dc001858-05)
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (DC01858)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD 26026)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Hearing Impairment and Communication
Keywords: maternal education, preschool children, spontaneous speech, vocabulary size, consonant accuracy, language comprehension, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised, sociodemographic factors
MeSH terms: Adult, Age Factors, Child Language, Child, Preschool, Educational Status, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Language Development, Language Disorders, Language Tests, Male, Mothers, Prospective Studies, Rural Population, Speech, Urban Population

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Maternal education and measures of early speech and language.

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