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Maternal education and measures of early speech and language.
Abstract
The present study was designed to determine whether 4 measures of children's spontaneous speech and language differed according to the educational level of the children's mothers. Spontaneous language samples from 240 three-year-old children were analyzed to determine mean length of utterance in morphemes (MLUm), number of different words (NDW), total number of words (TNW), and percentage of consonants correct (PCC). A norm-referenced, knowledge-dependent measure of language comprehension, the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R), was also included for purposes of comparison with the spontaneous measures. Three levels of maternal education were compared: less than high school graduate, high school graduate, and college graduate. Trend analyses showed statistically significant linear trends across educational levels for MLUm, NDW, TNW, and PPVT-R; the trend for PCC was not significant. The relationship of maternal education and other sociodemographic variables to measures of children's language should be examined before using such measures to identify children with language disorders.
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“socioeconomic disparities are associated with children ' s language skills 9,27 as well as parental behaviors such as linguistic input and sensitivity. 28,29”
From Parenting Behavior and Child Language: A Meta-analysis. (2019) · cites this paper as [27]
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Scaff, C., Coffey, J., & Cristià, A. (2025) · Infancy · doi:10.1111/infa.70035 · Cited by 1
Standard language proficiency as social capital: Impacts on subjective socioeconomic status in China
Wei, Y., & Cai, X. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0334861 · Cited by 1
“Many studies have found that parents’ educational backgrounds can influence the development of their offspring’s language proficiency [60].”
Green, H., & Tobi, Y. (2011) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/18595 · Cited by 1
“Their mothers all have at least 12 years of education, an indication of socioeconomic status, since maternal education level is the most significant predictor of language functioning in children (Dollaghan et al., 1999).”
BackgroundAbraham, L. M. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/7fsq-tf94 · Cited by 1
Expressive Vocabulary Development in Very Young Children who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing
Rudge, A. M. (2020) · Open Scholarship Institutional Repository (Washington University in St. Louis) · doi:10.7936/x4yk-s707 · Cited by 1
da Silva-Genest, C., Liégeois, L., Masson, C., Benzitoun, C., & Mené, M. L. (2020) · Lidil · doi:10.4000/lidil.8422 · Cited by 1
The role of sex hormones in human language development
Quast, A. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815160-0.00010-4 · Cited by 1
Suárez-Brito, P., & Canto, E. A. A. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-83700-6_5 · Cited by 1
Zhukova, M., Manasevich, V. A., Golovanova, I. V., Letyagin, P. I., Ulianova, T. A., & Tikhonova, S. S. (2022) · Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Психология и педагогика · doi:10.22363/2313-1683-2022-19-4-862-878 · Cited by 1
Galván, A. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316106143.006 · Cited by 1
Accuracy of Undergraduate Students' Language Sample Analysis in Online and Face-to-Face Courses
Bitetti, D. (2023) · Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups · doi:10.1044/2023_persp-23-00033 · Cited by 1
Gray, S. I., Wilcox, M. J., & Reiser, M. (2024) · Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools · doi:10.1044/2024_lshss-23-00140 · Cited by 1
Reznick, J., & Armon-Lotem, S. (2024) · Languages · doi:10.3390/languages9090300 · Cited by 1
“…school students, aligns with consistent reports on the advantage of monolingual children from more educated backgrounds in the lexical domain (Dollaghan et al. 1999; Hoff 2003; Hoff and Tian 2005; Huttenlocher et al. 2010; Magnuson et al. 2009; Rowe 2008; Zambrana et al. 2012; but see Meir…”
InfluentialNaknong, N., & Pholphirul, P. (2025) · International journal of child care and education policy/International journal of child care and education · doi:10.1186/s40723-025-00155-0 · Cited by 5
“This aligns with Buain and Pholphirul (2022), Jeong et al. (2017), Dollaghan et al. (1999), and Carneiro (2013), which highlighted the positive association between maternal education and early childhood cognitive development.”
Kim, J. E., Kim, Y. T., & Oh, S. J. (2014) · Eon'eo cheong'gag jang'ae yeon'gu/Communication sciences & disorders · doi:10.12963/csd.14118 · Cited by 1
Suárez-Brito, P. (2015) · Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Psicología eBooks · doi:10.22201/dgpyfe.9786070268724e.2015 · Cited by 1
The Effect of Retrieval Practice on Vocabulary Learning for Children who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing
Reimer, C. K. (2019) · Open Scholarship Institutional Repository (Washington University in St. Louis) · doi:10.7936/z9jt-mk46 · Cited by 1
“…(Bauer, Goldfield, & Reznick, 2002; Dale & Fenson, 1996; van Hulle, Goldsmith, & Lemery, 2004), birth order (Hoff, 2006), socioeconomic status (Dollaghan et al., 1999; Hart & Risley, 2003; Suskind, Suskind, & Lewinter-Suskind, 2015; Turnbull & Justice, 2016; Walker et al., 1994), and parent…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Dollaghan, C. A., Campbell, T. F., Paradise, J. L., Feldman, H. M., Janosky, J. E., Pitcairn, D. N., & Kurs-Lasky, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (US)
- University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA
- Venue
- Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research
- Published
- 1999-12
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1432-1443
- ISSN
- 1092-4388 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-9102
- OpenAlex
- W2093177159
- Cited by
- 481
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 10.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (2r01hd026026-10a2, 5r29dc001858-05)
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (DC01858)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD 26026)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Hearing Impairment and Communication
- Keywords
- maternal education, preschool children, spontaneous speech, vocabulary size, consonant accuracy, language comprehension, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised, sociodemographic factors
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Child Language, Child, Preschool, Educational Status, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Language Development, Language Disorders, Language Tests, Male, Mothers, Prospective Studies, Rural Population, Speech, Urban Population
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