Migration and mental health
Abstract
Objective: Migration and its accompanying stressors affect migrating individuals and their families. The process of migration is not simple or straightforward. The aim of this review is to distil existing information on how migration influences individuals’ mental state and how it determines help seeking as well as pathways to care. Method: The review relies on published studies in both MEDLINE and non‐MEDLINE journals as well as relevant monographs. The search was employed using migration, ethnic communities, stress and other relevant words for purposes of the review. Results: The review provides a background on the typology of migration, its impact on communities as well as individuals. Furthermore, the relationship of mental illness to migration is explored and described. Future research plans are advocated in relationship with these findings. Conclusion: Migration is and can be a very stress‐inducing phenomenon. Yet not all migrants go through the same process. The clinician needs to be aware of coping strategies as well as resilience among migrants.
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Migration is associated with a number of stress factors which can affect mental health.
“Migration is associated with a number of stress factors which can affect mental health [1].”
From A qualitative study of Filipina immigrants’ stress, distress and coping: the impact of their multiple, transnational roles as women (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
The level and type of, and response to, migratory stress varies with individual characteristics, the circumstances of migration and the welcoming in the new country.
“Yet, the level and type of, and response to, migratory stress varies with, among other factors, individual characteristics, the circumstances of migration and the welcoming in the new country [1].”
From A qualitative study of Filipina immigrants’ stress, distress and coping: the impact of their multiple, transnational roles as women (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
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Bibliometric analysis of global migration health research in peer-reviewed literature (2000–2016)
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Missinne, S., & Bracke, P. (2010) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-010-0321-0 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Mental health effects of climate change
Padhy, S., Sarkar, S., Panigrahi, M., & Paul, S. (2015) · Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.4103/0019-5278.156997 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Hollander, A.-C., Dal, H., Lewis, G., Magnusson, C., Kirkbride, J. B., & Dalman, C. (2016) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.i1030 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Gibson, J. K., McKenzie, D. J., & Stillman, S. (2010) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest_a_00129 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Fellmeth, G. L., Fazel, M. S., & Plugge, E. (2016) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/1471-0528.14184 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Li, J., & Rose, N. (2017) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.08.009 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Stressors, anxiety, acculturation and adjustment among international and North American students
Fritz, M. V., Chin, D., & DeMarinis, V. (2008) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2008.01.001 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
WPA guidance on mental health and mental health care in migrants
BHUGRA, D., GUPTA, S., BHUI, K., CRAIG, T., DOGRA, N., INGLEBY, J. D., KIRKBRIDE, J., MOUSSAOUI, D., NAZROO, J., QURESHI, A., et al. (2011) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/j.2051-5545.2011.tb00002.x · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Self-citationThe basic principles of migration health: Population mobility and gaps in disease prevalence
Gushulak, B. D., & MacPherson, D. W. (2006) · Emerging Themes in Epidemiology · doi:10.1186/1742-7622-3-3 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Ethnic identity, resettlement stress and depressive affect among Southeast Asian refugees in Canada
Beiser, M., & Hou, F. (2006) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.12.002 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Risk for Psychiatric Disorder Among Immigrants and Their US-Born Descendants
Breslau, J. A., Aguilar‐Gaxiola, S., Borges, G. L. G., Kendler, K. S., Su, M., & Kessler, R. C. (2007) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000243779.35541.c6 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Bhugra, D. (2004) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00454.x · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Self-citationAcartürk, C., Çetinkaya, M., Şenay, İ., Gülen, B., Aker, T., & Hinton, D. E. (2017) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000693 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
EPA Guidance Mental Health Care of Migrants
Bhugra, D., Gupta, S., Schouler-Ocak, M., Graeff-Calliess, I., Deakin, N., Qureshi, A., Dales, J., Moussaoui, D., Kastrup, M., Tarricone, I., et al. (2014) · European psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.01.003 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Self-citationMental disorders among Somali refugees
Bhui, K. S., Craig, T., Mohamud, S., Warfa, N., Stansfeld, S. A., Thornicroft, G., Curtis, S. E., & McCrone, P. (2006) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-006-0043-5 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
van der Voort, Gaillard, R., Albert Hofman, D., de Jongste, J. C., & Duijts, L. (2013) · Cited by 181 · see citing works
The mental health status of Chinese rural–urban migrant workers
Li, L., Wang, H., Ye, X.-J., Jiang, M., Lou, Q.-Y., & Hesketh, T. M. (2007) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-007-0221-0 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Variations in the Incidence of Schizophrenia: Data Versus Dogma
McGrath, J. J. (2005) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbi052 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Tuberculosis in Migrant Populations. A Systematic Review of the Qualitative Literature
Abarca, B., Pell, C. L., Bueno‐Cavanillas, A., Solvas, J. F. G., Pool, R., & Roura, M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0082440 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Wang, B., Li, X., STANTON, B. F., & Fang, X. (2010) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.03.021 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Franzini, L., & Fernández-Esquer, M. E. (2004) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.02.014 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Kılıç, C., Aydın, İ., Taşkıntuna, N., Özçürümez, G., Kurt, G., Eren, E., Lale, T., Özel, S., & Zileli, L. (2006) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00786.x · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Breslau, J. A., Borges, G. L. G., Hagar, Y., Tancredi, D. J., & Gilman, S. E. (2008) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291708004698 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Teodorescu, D., Siqveland, J., Heir, T., Hauff, E., Wentzel‐Larsen, T., & Lien, L. (2012) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-10-84 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Teodorescu, D., Heir, T., Hauff, E., Wentzel‐Larsen, T., & Lien, L. (2012) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2012.00954.x · Cited by 156 · see citing works
A systematic review of the use of health services by immigrants and native populations
Sarría‐Santamera, A., Hijas-Gómez, A. I., Carmona, R., & Gimeno-Feliú, L. A. (2016) · Public health reviews · doi:10.1186/s40985-016-0042-3 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Mental health of migrant workers in China: prevalence and correlates
Wong, D. F. K., He, X., Leung, G., Lau, Y., & Chang, Y. (2008) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-008-0341-1 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
van der Wal, J. M., van Borkulo, C. D., Deserno, M. K., Breedvelt, J., Lees, M., Lokman, J. C., Borsboom, D., Denys, D. A. J. P., van Holst, R. J., Smidt, M. P., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(21)00047-x · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Urban-associated diseases: Candidate diseases, environmental risk factors, and a path forward
Flies, E. J., Mavoa, S., Zosky, G. R., Mantzioris, E., Williams, C. R., Eri, R. D., Brook, B. W., & Buettel, J. C. (2019) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.105187 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Forced migration and mental health: prolonged internal displacement, return migration and resilience
Siriwardhana, C., & Stewart, R. (2013) · International Health · doi:10.1093/inthealth/ihs014 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Migration and mental health: Evidence from a natural experiment
Stillman, S., McKenzie, D. J., & Gibson, J. K. (2009) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2009.02.007 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Coping and chronic psychosocial consequences of female genital mutilation in the Netherlands
Vloeberghs, E., van der Kwaak, A., Knipscheer, J. W., & van den Muijsenbergh, M. E. T. C. (2012) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2013.771148 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Nicklett, E. J., & Burgard, S. A. (2009) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwp192 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Sandhu, S., Bjerre, N. V., Dauvrin, M., Dias, S., Gaddini, A., Greacen, T., Ioannidis, E., Kluge, U., Jensen, N. K., Lamkaddem, M., et al. (2012) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-012-0528-3 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
What We Know and Don’t Know About Mental Health Problems Among Immigrants in Norway
Abebe, D., Lien, L., & Hjelde, K. H. (2012) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-012-9745-9 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
The contribution of a gender perspective to the understanding of migrants’ health: Table 1
Llácer, A., Zunzunegui, M. V., del Amo, J., Mazarrasa, L., & Bolůmar, F. (2007) · Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2007.061770 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Steel, Z., Silove, D. M., Chey, T., Bauman, A. E., Phan, T., & Phan, T. (2005) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00458.x · Cited by 125 · see citing works
EPA guidance on cultural competence training
Schouler‐Ocak, M., Graef-Calliess, I. T., Tarricone, I., Qureshi, A., Kastrup, M. C., & Bhugra, D. (2015) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.01.012 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationAichberger, M. C., Schouler‐Ocak, M., Mundt, A. P., Busch, M. A., Nickels, E., Heimann, H., Ströhle, A., Reischies, F. M., Heinz, A., & Rapp, M. A. (2010) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2009.11.009 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Psychosocial Risk Prevention in a Global Occupational Health Perspective. A Descriptive Analysis
Chirico, F., Heponiemi, T., Pavlova, M., Zaffina, S., & Magnavita, N. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16142470 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Ziersch, A. M., Walsh, M., Due, C., & Duivesteyn, E. (2017) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph14091036 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Osman, F., Klingberg-Allvin, M., Flacking, R., & Schön, U.-K. (2016) · BMC International Health and Human Rights · doi:10.1186/s12914-016-0082-2 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Wadsworth, M. E., Santiago, C. D., & Einhorn, L. (2009) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615800902855781 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Straiton, M., Aambø, A. K., & Johansen, R. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-6649-9 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Ospina-Pinillos, L., Davenport, T., Diaz, A. M., Navarro-Mancilla, A., Scott, E., & Hickie, I. (2019) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/14127 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
International migration and health: it is time to go beyond conventional theoretical frameworks
Hossin, M. Z. (2020) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001938 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Abebe, D., Lien, L., & Elstad, J. I. (2017) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-017-1381-1 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Wong, D. F. K., & Song, H. X. (2008) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764007083877 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Refugee Trauma: Culturally Responsive Counseling Interventions
Bemak, F., & Chung, R. C. (2017) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/jcad.12144 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Measurement invariance testing of the PHQ-9 in a multi-ethnic population in Europe: the HELIUS study
Galenkamp, H., Stronks, K., Snijder, M. B., & Derks, E. M. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1506-9 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
The effect of migration on social capital and depression among older adults in China
Li, Q., Zhou, X., Ma, S., Jiang, M., & Li, L. (2017) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-017-1439-0 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
van der Velde, J., Williamson, D. L., & Ogilvie, L. D. (2009) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732309344207 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
The migration journey and mental health: Evidence from Venezuelan forced migration
Carroll, H. A., Luzes, M., Freier, L. F., & Bird, M. (2020) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100551 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Hall, B. J., Pangan, C. A. C., Chan, E. W. W., & Huang, R. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.11.050 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Acculturative Stress of Chinese Rural-To-Urban Migrant Workers: A Qualitative Study
Zhong, B., Liu, T., Huang, J.-X., Fung, H. H.-L., Chan, S. S. M., Conwell, Y., & Chiu, H. F. K. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157530 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Trans-local ties, local ties and psychological well-being among rural-to-urban migrants in Shanghai
Jin, L., Wen, M., Fan, J. X., & Wang, G. (2012) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.03.014 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
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Immigration, social integration and mental health in Norway, with focus on gender differences
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Myths and plain truths about schizophrenia epidemiology – the NAPE lecture 2004
McGrath, J. J. (2005) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00467.x · Cited by 90 · see citing works
O’Mahony, J. M., & Donnelly, T. T. (2012) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/jpm.12005 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Understanding and coping with immigration detention: Social identity as cure and curse
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Anticipation of migration and psychological stress and the Three Gorges Dam project, China
Hwang, S., Xi, J., Cao, Y., Feng, X., & Qiao, X. (2007) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.05.003 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Urbanization, Social Capital and Mental Health
McKenzie, K. J. (2008) · Global Social Policy · doi:10.1177/1468018108095633 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Cultural competency training in psychiatry
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Postpartum depression among immigrant women
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Cultural issues in child maltreatment
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A cross-national study on Mexico-US migration, substance use and substance use disorders
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Mood disorders in first- and second-generation immigrants: Systematic review and meta-analysis
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- Authors
- Bhugra, D.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Bhugra, D.
- ORCID
- Bhugra, D.
- Venue
- Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2004-03-03
- Volume
- 109
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 243-258
- ISSN
- 0001-690X (ISSN-L)
- 1600-0447
- OpenAlex
- W1965955279
- Cited by
- 1,196
- References
- 103
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 57 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 73 · 2021: 79 · 2020: 65 · 2019: 69 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 64 · 2016: 58 · 2015: 60 · 2014: 57 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 67
- FWCI
- 4.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Migration, Identity, and Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- migration, mental health, mental illness, migration stress, help-seeking, pathways to care, ethnic communities, coping strategies, resilience
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Mental Disorders, Culture, Emigration and Immigration, Ethnicity, Female, Humans, Language, Male, Mental Health Services, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Social Support, Stress, Psychological
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