A qualitative study of Filipina immigrants’ stress, distress and coping: the impact of their multiple, transnational roles as women

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The HSCL-25 has been applied transnationally.

“This is a shortened version of the HSCL-25 which has been applied transnationally [23, 24].”

• cites [23] Benuto LT, Thalier NS, Leany BD. Guide to Psychological Assessment with Asians. Spring. 2014:479. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [24] Syed H, Zachrisson H, Dalgard O, Dalen I, Ahlberg N. Concordance between Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL-10) and Pakistan Anxiety and Depression Questionnaire (PADQ), in a rural self-motivated population in Pakistan. BMC Psychiatry. 2008;8(1):59. sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

The strong sense of shared identity in Filipino culture means that responsibilities and concerns are divided and therefore the burden of personal problems are shared.

“The strong sense of shared identity in Filipino culture [33] means that responsibilities and concerns are divided and therefore the burden of personal problems are shared.”

• cites [33] Pe-Pua R, Protacio-Marcelino EA. Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino psychology): A legacy of Virgilio G. Enriquez Asian J Soc Psychol. 2000;3(1):49–71. sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Informal sources of support have frequently been documented as preferable to formal sources among Asian immigrants, including Filipinos.

“Informal sources of support have frequently been documented as preferable to formal sources among Asian immigrants, including Filipinos [49].”

• cites [49] Yeh C, Wang Y-W. Asian American coping attitudes, sources, and practices: Implications for indigenous counseling strategies. J Coll Stud Dev. 2000;41(1):94–103.Partly supported

  The paper’s opening summary and Discussion (page not specified) report that Asian American students, including Filipino Americans, favored familial and social sources of help over professionals, and describe this preference as consistent with previous research. The Methods (page not specified) identify the sample as college and graduate students of mixed generations; the paper does not establish the stated preference specifically among Asian immigrants, including Filipino immigrants. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

The au pair scheme was sometimes a stepping stone to more permanent employment for women and the host family could be a good resource when planning a future in Norway.

“As mentioned above, the au pair scheme was sometimes a stepping stone to more permanent employment for women and the host family could be a good resource when planning a future in Norway”

May combine two claims.

Most informants had intentions of staying in Norway long-term but were faced with structural barriers related to visa restrictions that they need to overcome.

“Most informants had intentions of staying in Norway long-term but were faced with structural barriers related to visa restrictions that they need to overcome.”

May combine two claims.

These barriers, coupled with daily stresses and worries about their family at home, meant their uncertain residence status could affect both their physical and mental health.

“These barriers, coupled with daily stresses and worries about their family at home, meant their uncertain residence status could affect both their physical and mental health.”

May combine two claims.

Although informants reported stress or distress at some point in Norway, they also conveyed a number of positive mental health experiences.

“It should be noted first, that although the informants reported experiencing stress or distress at some point in Norway, they also conveyed a number of positive mental health experiences.”

May combine two claims.

The women most commonly described experiencing feelings of loneliness and homesickness, which could affect both physical and mental health.

“The women, far away from their home country, most commonly described experiencing feelings of loneliness and homesickness, which could affect both physical and mental health”

May combine two claims.

The role of an au-pair is open to interpretation and these women have the potential to be exploited.

“However, the role of an au-pair is open to interpretation and these women have the potential to be exploited”

May combine two claims.

This left the women feeling devalued and disillusioned when faced with the uphill struggle of further study in order to qualify as a nurse in Norway, particularly when the requirements were constantly updated.

“This left the women feeling devalued and disillusioned when faced with the uphill struggle of further study in order to qualify as a nurse in Norway, particularly when the requirements were constantly updated”

May combine two claims.

Young, unmarried women expressed a strong sense of empowerment associated with their move; they felt more independent and acknowledged personal growth.

“The young, unmarried women, in particular, expressed a strong sense of empowerment associated with their move. They felt more independent and acknowledged a personal growth through their experiences”

May combine two claims.

The women commonly spoke of language barriers and felt that learning Norwegian was "the most important" aspect for understanding and functioning in Norwegian society.

“The women commonly spoke of language barriers and felt that learning Norwegian was “the most important” aspect for understanding and functioning in Norwegian society.”

May combine two claims.

Five of the women reported having suffered from depression or anxiety at some stage in their life, with one having experienced this for the first time in Norway.

“Five of the women reported having suffered from depression or anxiety at some stage in their life, with one having experienced this for the first time in Norway.”

May combine two claims.

Adjusting to the colder climate was challenging for many women and the darkness in winter was particularly associated with homesickness.

“Adjusting to the colder climate was challenging for many of the women and the darkness in winter was particularly associated with homesickness.”

May combine two claims.

They had been the first to move to Norway, with (or plans for) their husbands to follow through family reunification.

“They had been the first to move to Norway, with (or plans for) their husbands to follow through family reunification.”

May combine two claims.

Although this gives the women more autonomy and economic freedom, it can place a high amount of pressure on the women to successfully establish themselves with a skilled job, good income and a place to live.

“Although this gives the women more autonomy and economic freedom, it can place a high amount of pressure on the women to successfully establish themselves with a skilled job, good income and a place to live.”

May combine two claims.

The women who migrated to be with a partner/spouse were faced with a new and different culture, language and rules and regulations, placing them in a position of reliance on their husbands, emotionally, socially and economically.

“The women who migrated to be with a partner/spouse were faced with a new and different culture, language and rules and regulations, placing them in a position of reliance on their husbands, emotionally, socially and economically.”

May combine two claims.

This resulted in guilt and a sense of powerlessness.

“This resulted in guilt and a sense of powerlessness”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some rationalised that providing financially was more important.

“Some rationalised that providing financially was more important “whether we like it or not, practically speaking, I think the financial aspect weighs heavier.””

May combine two claims.

This process can take several years and the separation from their spouse can be a difficult period emotionally, increasing their sense of loneliness.

“This process can take several years and the separation from their spouse can be a difficult period emotionally, increasing their sense of loneliness”

May combine two claims.

The women indicated that their spouses/partners were generally supportive of them sending remittances home and often helped out.

“The women indicated that their spouses/partners were generally supportive of them sending remittances home and often helped out.”

May combine two claims.

Feeling that their family members back home saw them as a never ending source of money, they sometimes struggled to make them understand differences in the cost of living and the financial obligations they had in Norway.

“Feeling that their family members back home saw them as a never ending source of money, they sometimes struggled to make them understand differences in the cost of living and the financial obligations they had in Norway.”

May combine two claims.

Lacking their own income, women in this stage felt that they had lost some of their independence which affected their self-esteem.

“Lacking their own income, women in this stage felt that they had lost some of their independence which affected their self-esteem”

May combine two claims.

Some informants took on multiple jobs to the point of exhaustion, engaged in studying in order to improve future earnings, forwent trips home to visit family and even delayed motherhood.

“Indeed, this was evidenced by some informants; they took on multiple jobs to the point of exhaustion, engaged in studying in order to improve future earnings, forwent trips home to visit family and even delayed motherhood.”

May combine two claims.

Some women were just providing a little extra to their families when they could, while others were the main breadwinner, supporting their family with day to day living, housing, health services and education.

“While some were just providing a little extra to their families when they could, others were the main breadwinner, supporting their family with day to day living, housing, health services and education.”

May combine two claims.

Family members assumed joint responsibility for looking after children or were confidants and advice givers.

“For instance family members assumed joint responsibility for looking after children or were confidants and advice givers:”

May combine two claims.

The women engaged in various coping strategies, both emotion-focused (e.g., crying, writing down problems) and problem-focused (e.g., changing their situation when feeling low).

“The women engaged in various coping strategies, both emotion-focused such as crying or writing down problems to vent their feelings, and problem-focused ones such as changing their situation when feeling low:”

May combine two claims.

The women's religious beliefs provided them with comfort and uplifting thoughts and they felt strong enough to face difficult situations.

“Their beliefs provided them with comfort and uplifting thoughts and they felt strong to enough to face difficult situations:”

May combine two claims.

Many of the women had transnational support, which helped them maintain family ties and re-create a sense of belonging.

“Just as the women had transnational roles, many of them also had transnational support. This helped them to maintain family ties and to re-create a sense of belonging.”

May combine two claims.

Many attended church, which functioned as a social arena to make new friends, a place to discuss problems and to feel a mutual sense of support.

“Many attended church which functioned as a social arena to make new friends, a place to discuss problems and to feel a mutual sense of support:”

May combine two claims.

The women who were mothers to young children in Norway experienced social isolation due to being primary caregivers and were financially and socially dependent on their husbands.

“While these breadwinning, financially independent mothers experienced emotional difficulties due to the separation from their children, the women who were mothers to young children in Norway experienced social isolation due to being primary caregivers and were financially and socially dependent on their husbands.”

May combine two claims.

Some mothers were separated from their children, which had significant effects on their mental health.

“Some mothers were also separated from their children, which had significant effects on their mental health.”

May combine two claims.

Although they had different migratory pathways, the women had many shared experiences: worries about the future, homesickness, loneliness and concern for family members at home.

“Although they had different migratory pathways, the women had many shared experiences; worries about the future, homesickness, loneliness and concern for family members at home.”

May combine two claims.

Video calls and social media were helpful for maintaining close ties and giving a sense of being an active part of a loved one's lives despite the distance.

“Video calls and social media were helpful for maintaining close ties and giving a sense of being an active part of a loved one’s lives despite the distance.”

May combine two claims.

While mothers felt guilty and sad for not being with their children, their children gave them the strength to continue.

“While mothers felt guilty and sad for not being with their children, at the same time, it was precisely their children who gave them the strength to continue:”

May combine two claims.

The women normalized both their loneliness and financial pressures from family.

“They normalized both their loneliness and financial pressures from family:”

May combine two claims.

The establishment of a close-knit network of other Filipinos in Norway was one of the biggest protective factors for these women's loneliness and for adjustment.

“The establishment of a close-knit network of other Filipinos in Norway was not only one of the biggest protective factors for these women’s loneliness but also for adjustment.”

May combine two claims.

The women turned to each other for advice when job hunting, when experiencing stress or difficulties in Norway, or for comfort when they had family worries.

“The women turned to each other for advice when job hunting, when experiencing stress or difficulties in Norway or for comfort when they had family worries.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Majority of the women identified themselves as Catholic.

“Majority of the women identified themselves as Catholic.”

May combine two claims.

The role of religion was highlighted by our informants; some reported increasing their church attendance.

“The role of religion was also highlighted by our informants. Some reported increasing their church attendance.”

May combine two claims.

Despite various immigration challenges, the informants showed a great deal of agency; they were resourceful, independent and adaptive.

“Despite various immigration challenges, the informants showed a great deal of agency; they were resourceful, independent and adaptive.”

May combine two claims.

Majority of the informants had higher education, which is associated with successful personal, social and economic adaption.

“It should be noted though, that majority of the informants had higher education, which is associated with successful personal, social and economic adaption [53].”

• cites [53] Berry JW. Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Appl Psychol. 1997;46(1):5–34.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Our study suggests that Filipinas may often choose other ways to cope with their difficulties, since none had sought professional help despite five indicating that they were suffering from significant levels of psychological distress around the time of the interview.

“Our study suggests that Filipinas may often choose other ways to cope with their difficulties, since none had sought professional help despite five indicating that they were suffering from significant levels of psychological distress around the time of the interview.”

May combine two claims.

A number of informants in our study still considered family the biggest source of support and emphasised the importance of maintaining transnational ties.

“In contrast, a number of informants in our study still considered family the biggest source of support and they emphasised the importance of maintaining transnational ties.”

May combine two claims.

They worked hard to secure a future in Norway, not only to help their families at home but also to pursue their own hopes and dreams.

“They worked hard to secure a future in Norway, not only in order to help their families at home but also to pursue their own hopes and dreams.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The level and type of, and response to, migratory stress varies with individual characteristics, the circumstances of migration and the welcoming in the new country.

“Yet, the level and type of, and response to, migratory stress varies with, among other factors, individual characteristics, the circumstances of migration and the welcoming in the new country [1].”

• cites [1] Bhugra D. Migration and mental health. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2004;109(4):243–58. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Immigrants are at greater risk of mental health problems than the native population.

“There is therefore the concern that immigrants are at greater risk of mental health problems than the native population [2]”

• cites [2] Lindert J, Schouler-Ocak M, Heinz A, Priebe S. Mental health, health care utilisation of migrants in Europe. Eur Psychiatry. 2008;23:14–20. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Migration is associated with a number of stress factors which can affect mental health.

“Migration is associated with a number of stress factors which can affect mental health [1].”

• cites [1] Bhugra D. Migration and mental health. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2004;109(4):243–58. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

According to legislation, people under 30 years can take part in a cultural exchange by living with a host family in exchange for help with light household chores and responsibilities such as childcare, cooking and cleaning.

“According to legislation, people under 30 years can take part in a cultural exchange by living with a host family in exchange for help with light household chores and responsibilities such as childcare, cooking and cleaning [14].”

• cites [14] Bikova M. Au pair arrangement in Norway and transnational organization of care. In: Kontos M, Bonifacio G, editors. Migrant Domestic Workers and Family Life: International Perspectives. London: MacMillan Publishers Limited; 2015. p. 52–72. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Others may have no option but seek similar au-pair opportunities in other countries, continuing the cycle of insecurity and distress.

“Others however, may have no option but seek similar au-pair opportunities in other countries, continuing the cycle of insecurity and distress”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The au-pair scheme may often be a preferred option for some educated women to come to Norway.

“Indeed, the au-pair scheme may often be a preferred option for some educated women to come to Norway [30].”

• cites [30] Seeberg ML, Sollund R. Openings and Obstacles for Migrant Care Workers: Filipino Au Pairs and Nurses in Norway. In: Shechory M, Ben-David S, Soen D, editors. Who pays the price? Foreign workers, society, crime and the law. New York: Nova Science Publishers Inc; 2010. p. 41–52. (Social Issues, Justice and Status Series).Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Although revised regulations have increased the protection for au-pairs, it is not clear how this is controlled.

“Although revised regulations have increased the protection for au-pairs, it is not clear how this is controlled [14].”

• cites [14] Bikova M. Au pair arrangement in Norway and transnational organization of care. In: Kontos M, Bonifacio G, editors. Migrant Domestic Workers and Family Life: International Perspectives. London: MacMillan Publishers Limited; 2015. p. 52–72. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

They use this time to learn the language, culture and exchange their qualifications, while earning a small allowance and beginning the ground work for finding more relevant employment.

“They use this time to learn the language, culture and exchange their qualifications, while earning a small allowance and beginning the ground work for finding more relevant employment [30]”

• cites [30] Seeberg ML, Sollund R. Openings and Obstacles for Migrant Care Workers: Filipino Au Pairs and Nurses in Norway. In: Shechory M, Ben-David S, Soen D, editors. Who pays the price? Foreign workers, society, crime and the law. New York: Nova Science Publishers Inc; 2010. p. 41–52. (Social Issues, Justice and Status Series).Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The ten-item Hopkins symptoms checklist (HSCL-10) is a reliable measure of psychological distress.

“the ten-item Hopkins symptoms checklist (HSCL-10), a reliable measure of psychological distress [22].”

• cites [22] Strand BH, Dalgard OS, Tambs K, Rognerud M. Measuring the mental health status of the Norwegian population: A comparison of the instruments SCL-25, SCL-10, SCL-5 and MHI-5 (SF-36). Nord J Psychiatry. 2003;57(2):113–8. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Data collection continued until data saturation was reached and relatively little new information was obtained.

“Data collection continued until data saturation was reached and relatively little new information was obtained.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Nursing is a highly feminised profession commonly chosen by Filipinas because of the opportunity for overseas employment.

“Nursing, a highly feminised profession, is a commonly chosen career for Filipinas because of the opportunity for overseas employment [10].”

• cites [10] Ball RE. Divergent development, racialised rights: globalised labour markets and the trade of nurses—The case of the Philippines. Womens Stud Int Forum. 2004;27(2):119–33. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The cultural exchange can be for up to 2 years and, as of 2012, is only for unmarried, childless individuals.

“The cultural exchange can be for up to 2 years and, as of 2012, is only for unmarried, childless individuals.”

• cites [14] Bikova M. Au pair arrangement in Norway and transnational organization of care. In: Kontos M, Bonifacio G, editors. Migrant Domestic Workers and Family Life: International Perspectives. London: MacMillan Publishers Limited; 2015. p. 52–72. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Although facing less pressure to secure their future through skilled work, to be granted permanent residence, women must now have lived in Norway with their husbands for 5 years.

“Although facing less pressure to secure their future through skilled work, to be granted permanent residence, women must now have lived in Norway with their husbands for 5 years [40].”

• cites [40] The Norwegian Directorate of Immigration. Permanent right of residence for family members of EU/EEA nationals [Internet]. N.D. [cited 2015 Oct 6]. Available from: http://www.udi.no/en/want-to-apply/permanent-residence/permanent-right-of-residence-for-family-members-of-eueea-nationals-/?e=y&c=phlNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The woman's role as a nurturer is strongly embedded, which sometimes leads to feelings of guilt for being unable to provide direct care for aging family members back home.

“The woman’s role as a nurturer is strongly embedded, which sometimes leads to feelings of guilt for being unable to provide direct care for aging family members back home [37].”

• cites [37] Basa C, De Guzman V, Marchetti S. International migration and over-indebtedness: the case of Filipino workers in Italy [Internet]. London: International Institute of Environment and Development; 2012. [cited 2015 Feb 11]. (Human settlements working paper no. 36). Report No.: 36. Available from: http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/10617IIED.pdfNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Although the informants described their husbands/partners as being kind, understanding and supportive, this legislation puts immigrant women at risk of being exploited or abused by their husbands.

“Although the informants in this study described their husbands/partners as being kind, understanding and supportive, this legislation puts immigrant women at risk of being exploited or abused by their husbands [15].”

• cites [15] Smaadahl T, Hernes H, Langberg L. Dreaming of the good life: A report on foreign national women, married to Norwegian men, who had to seek refuge in the shelters in 2001 [Internet]. Krisesenter sekretariatet: Oslo; 2002. Available from: http://www.krisesenter.com/backup240616/filer/pdf/materiell/Drommen-om-det-gode-liv-inenglish.pdf .Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Through engaging in paid emotional labour, this informant's remittances had more meaning; she could fulfil both her role as a nurturing woman and a provider, resolving some of her guilt.

“Through engaging in paid emotional labour [39] this informant’s remittances had more meaning. In this way she could fulfil both her role as a nurturing woman and a provider, resolving some of her guilt.”

• cites [39] Hochschild AR. Love and Gold. In: Hochschild AR, Ehrenreich B, editors. Global women: Nannies, maids and sex workers in the new economy [Internet]. New York: Owl Books; 2004 [cited 2015 Jun 15]. Available from: https://books.google.no/books?id=CBcrpIkb458C&pg=PA15&lpg=PA15&dq=love+and+gold+hochschild&source=bl&ots=XxAXRiMAdU&sig=8C4HBUqHw3l9twMrvjaY-p2I8Io&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CBsQ6AEwADgKahUKEwjnmMTylvTIAhWJ3SwKHXELBVs#v=onepage&q=love%20and%20gold%20hochschild&f=falseNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Being young, female and in a foreign country, as well as financially reliant on the family, living in their home and having temporary immigration status leaves the women in vulnerable positions.

“Being young, female and in a foreign country, as well as financially reliant on the family, living in their home and having temporary immigration status leaves the women in vulnerable positions.”

May combine two claims.

This served to maintain the language barrier and limited her future opportunities in Norway, thus increasing the stress about her uncertain future.

“This served to maintain the language barrier and limited her future opportunities in Norway, thus increasing the stress about her uncertain future.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

According to Norwegian regulations, those who have residency based on having a spouse/partner in Norway have the right to, and are obligated to take part in, a minimum of 600 h of free Norwegian tuition (of which 50 h are social studies about Norwegian society).

“According to Norwegian regulations, those who have residency based on having a spouse/partner in Norway have the right to, and are obligated to take part in, a minimum of 600 h of free Norwegian tuition (of which 50 h are social studies about Norwegian society) [46].”

• cites [46] New in Norway. Tuition in Norwegian [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2016 Feb 9]. Available from: http://www.nyinorge.no/en/Familiegjenforening/New-in-Norway/Education-and-tuition-in-Norwegian/Tuition-in-Norwegian/Tuition-in-Norwegian-/Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Social isolation has been attributed to depressive symptoms among immigrant mothers.

“Social isolation has been attributed to depressive symptoms among immigrant mothers [43].”

• cites [43] Ahmed A, Stewart DE, Teng L, Wahoush O, Gagnon AJ. Experiences of immigrant new mothers with symptoms of depression. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2008;11(4):295–303. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Language proficiency is linked to access to, and knowledge of, health and social services.

“Language proficiency is also linked to access to, and knowledge of, health and social services [45].”

• cites [45] Lebrun LA. Effects of length of stay and language proficiency on health care experiences among immigrants in Canada and the United States. Soc Sci Med. 2012;74(7):1062–72. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Being part of a group (formal or informal) strengthens ethnic identification, which is associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms and provides strong emotional, practical and social support.

“Being part of such a group, formal or informal, strengthens ethnic identification, which is associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms [44] and provides strong emotional, practical and social support.”

• cites [44] Mossakowski KN. Coping with Perceived Discrimination: Does Ethnic Identity Protect Mental Health? J Health Soc Behav. 2003;44(3):318–31. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Although the women show resilience and appear to cope successfully, some may benefit from professional help.

“Although the women show resilience and appear to cope successfully, some may benefit from professional help.”

May combine two claims.

Immigration policy's power imbalances can impact not only mental health problems but also the resources women have to deal with them.

“This can impact not only mental health problems but also the resources women have to deal with them.”

May combine two claims.

The study suggests that Filipinas have different and somewhat mixed experiences, but there are some common elements that may be transferable not only to Filipinas in Norway but also to other immigrants who have transnational caregiving or breadwinning roles around the world.

“While the study suggests that Filipinas have different and somewhat mixed experiences, there are some common elements that may be transferable not only to Filipinas in Norway but also to other immigrants who have transnational caregiving or breadwinning roles around the world.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Some women may have benefited from professional help.

“Some women may have benefited from professional help.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Women with fewer resources may face greater challenges.

“Women with fewer resources may face greater challenges.”

May combine two claims.

The very jobs which increase the demand for women's migration serve to reinforce traditional gender roles and hold women in socially disadvantaged positions.

“We also see that the very jobs which increase the demand for women’s migration serve to reinforce traditional gender roles [9] and hold women in socially disadvantaged positions.”

• cites [9] Tyner JA. The Global Context of Gendered Labor Migration From the Philippines to the United States. Am Behav Sci. 1999;42(4):671–89. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Recent research suggests that Filipinas are less likely to attend a GP for mental health problems, purchase psychotropic medication or engage in conversational therapy than Norwegian women are.

“Recent research suggests that Filipinas are less likely to attend a GP for mental health problems, purchase psychotropic medication or engage in conversational therapy than Norwegian women are [20].”

• cites [20] Straiton ML, Powell K, Reneflot A, Diaz E. Managing Mental Health Problems Among Immigrant Women Attending Primary Health Care Services. Health Care Women Int 2016;37(0):1–22. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The same study found that spirituality is also associated with lower rates of professional help-seeking.

“However, the same study found that spirituality is also associated with lower rates of professional help-seeking.”

• cites [51] Abe-Kim J, Gong F, Takeuchi D. Religiosity, spirituality, and help-seeking among Filipino Americans: Religious clergy or mental health professionals? J Community Psychol. 2004;32(6):675–89. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Previous research with Filipinos labour immigrants in Hong Kong found that church attendance promoted successful coping and reduced the impact of the emotional costs of migration.

“Previous research with Filipinos labour immigrants in Hong Kong found that church attendance promoted successful coping and reduced the impact of the emotional costs of migration [50].”

• cites [50] Nakonz J, Shik AWY. And all your problems are gone: religious coping strategies among Philippine migrant workers in Hong Kong. Ment Health Relig Cult. 2009;12(1):25–38. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The church groups in that previous research were tailored towards immigrants.

“This was due to the church groups being tailored towards immigrants.”

• cites [50] Nakonz J, Shik AWY. And all your problems are gone: religious coping strategies among Philippine migrant workers in Hong Kong. Ment Health Relig Cult. 2009;12(1):25–38. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

An Australian study found that Filipina immigrants married to Australians sometimes severed family ties due to being unable to meet demands for remittances.

“An Australian study that found that Filipina immigrants married to Australians sometimes severed family ties due to being unable to meet demands for remittances [19].”

• cites [19] Thompson S, Manderson L, Woelz-Stirling N, Cahill A, Kelaher M. The social and cultural context of the mental health of Filipinas in Queensland. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2002;36(5):681–7. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Exploitation and abuse are linked to poorer health among foreign migrant domestic workers.

“Exploitation and abuse are linked to poorer health among foreign migrant domestic workers [47].”

• cites [47] Malhotra R, Arambepola C, Tarun S, de Silva V, Kishore J, Østbye T. Health issues of female foreign domestic workers: a systematic review of the scientific and gray literature. Int J Occup Environ Health. 2013;19(4):261–77. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

To enhance transparency, the study described all stages of data collection and analysis, including a clear description of the informants.

“To enhance the transparency of the findings, we have described all stages of data collection and analysis, including a clear description of the informants.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Recording and transcribing the interviews helped ensure the quality of the data.

“With regards to credibility [52], recording and transcribing the interviews helped ensure the quality of the data.”

• cites [52] Graneheim U, Lundman B. Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness. Nurse Educ Today. 2004;24(2):105–12. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Previous research indicates it is the spiritual side of religion which is associated with better mental health among Filipinos.

“This is in line with previous research that indicates it is the spiritual side of religion which is associated with better mental health among Filipinos [51].”

• cites [51] Abe-Kim J, Gong F, Takeuchi D. Religiosity, spirituality, and help-seeking among Filipino Americans: Religious clergy or mental health professionals? J Community Psychol. 2004;32(6):675–89. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The study's description of all stages of data collection and analysis helps facilitate transferability of the findings.

“This also helps to facilitate with transferability of the findings.”

May combine two claims.

Au pairs have neither the rights of a student nor the protection of an employee, allowing for a large power differential between the privileged host family and the young, foreign au pair and thus, the potential for exploitation.

“Au pairs for instance, have neither the rights of a student nor the protection of an employee [14], allowing for a large power differential between the privileged host family and the young, foreign au pair and thus, the potential for exploitation [16].”

• cites [14] Bikova M. Au pair arrangement in Norway and transnational organization of care. In: Kontos M, Bonifacio G, editors. Migrant Domestic Workers and Family Life: International Perspectives. London: MacMillan Publishers Limited; 2015. p. 52–72. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [16] Chuang JA. The U.S. Au Pair Program: Labor Exploitation and the Myth of Cultural Exchange. Harv J Law Gend 2013;36:269–343.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Some women may not cope effectively and may benefit from professional help-seeking.

“Nonetheless, some women may not cope effectively and may benefit from professional help-seeking.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The first author may have been considered an outsider to the women because she is from the United Kingdom but lives in Norway and has a different cultural background and role as a researcher.

“The first author, who interviewed the informants, is from the United Kingdom but lives in Norway. Coming from a different cultural background and having the role as a researcher, she may have been considered an outsider to the women.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Attention was given to contradictions in the data and instances of findings that did not apply to some informants have been reported.

“Attention was also given to contradictions in the data and instances of findings that did not apply to some informants have been reported.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Findings are dependent on the subjective interpretations of the researchers.

“Findings are dependent on the subjective interpretations of the researchers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Although the first author had the main responsibility for data analysis, the data was discussed with the other authors, who also had immigrant backgrounds.

“Although the first author had the main responsibility for data analysis, the data was discussed with the other authors, who also had immigrant backgrounds.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The informants may have been more comfortable discussing topics related to their difficulties in Norway because the first author had some shared experiences of being an immigrant woman in Norway.

“Yet, with some shared experiences of being an immigrant woman in Norway, the informants may have been more comfortable in discussing topics related to their difficulties in Norway.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The combination of backgrounds enabled an exploration of different perspectives, contributing further to the credibility of the findings.

“The combination of backgrounds enabled an exploration of different perspectives, contributing further to the credibility of the findings.”

May combine two claims.

Filipinas show agency and resilience that helps in their adjustment and they utilise social support networks and religion to help cope with their difficulties.

“Yet, Filipinas show agency and resilience that helps in their adjustment and they utilise social support networks and religion to help cope with their difficulties.”

May combine two claims.

Filipinas occupy various transnational roles as women which can exacerbate stress and distress.

“Additionally, they occupy various transnational roles as women which can exacerbate stress and distress.”