Four‐year follow‐up of smoke exposure, attitudes and smoking behaviour following enactment of Finland's national smoke‐free work‐place law
Abstract
Aims This study evaluated the possible impact of national smoke‐free work‐place legislation on employee exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), employee smoking habits and attitudes on work‐place smoking regulations. Design Repeated cross‐sectional questionnaire surveys and indoor air nicotine measurements were carried out before, and 1 and 3 years after the law had come into effect. Setting Industrial, service sector and office work‐places from the Helsinki metropolitan area, Finland. Participants A total of 880, 940 and 659 employees (response rates 70%, 75% and 75%) in eight work‐places selected from a register kept by the Uusimaa Regional Institute of Occupational Health to represent various sectors of public and private work‐places. Measurements Reported exposure to ETS, smoking habits, attitudes on smoking at work and measurements of indoor air nicotine concentration. Findings Employee exposure to ETS for at least 1 hour daily decreased steadily during the 4‐year follow‐up, from 51% in 1994 to 17% in 1995 and 12% in 1998. Respondents’ daily smoking prevalence and tobacco consumption diminished 1 year after the enforcement of legislation from 30% to 25%, and remained at 25% in the last survey 3 years later. Long‐term reduction in smoking was confined to men. Both smokers’ and non‐smokers’ attitudes shifted gradually towards favouring a total ban on smoking at work. Median indoor airborne nicotine concentrations decreased from 0.9 µg/m 3 in 1994–95 to 0.1 µg/m 3 in 1995–96 and 1998. Conclusions This is the first follow‐up study on a nationally implemented smoke‐free work‐place law. We found that such legislation is associated with steadily reducing ETS exposure at work, particularly at work‐places, where the voluntary smoking regulations have failed to reduce exposure. The implementation of the law also seemed to encourage smokers to accept a non‐smoking work‐place as the norm.
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Some limited evidence suggests that the effects of smoke-free workplace policies may be larger in men than in women and among persons with greater education, but favorable effects were generally seen in all groups studied.
“Some limited evidence suggests that the effects of smoke-free workplace policies may be larger in men than in women and among persons with greater education, but favorable effects were generally seen in all groups studied.”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [430]
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- Authors
- Heloma, A., & Jaakkola, M. S.
- Affiliations
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Heloma, Antero
- ORCID
- Jaakkola, Maritta S.
- Venue
- Addiction
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2003-08
- Volume
- 98
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1111-1117
- ISSN
- 0965-2140 (ISSN-L)
- 1360-0443
- OpenAlex
- W2007139271
- Cited by
- 119
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 1.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Addiction (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Työsuojelurahasto
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Occupational Health and Safety in Workplaces
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Workplace Health and Well-being
- Keywords
- environmental tobacco smoke, smoking prevalence, smoking behavior, gender differences in smoking, Finland
- MeSH terms
- Smoking Prevention, Adolescent, Adult, Attitude to Health, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Finland, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nicotine, Smoking, Tobacco Smoke Pollution, Occupational Exposure, Workplace
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