Cited by 530Antimicrobial agents and applicationsEssential Oils and Antimicrobial ActivityBacterial biofilms and quorum sensing

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Activity and mechanisms of action of selected biocidal agents on Gram-positive and-negative bacteria

Walsh, S.E., Maillard, J.-Y., Russell, A.D., Catrenich, C.E., Charbonneau, D.L., Bartolo, R.G.·2003·Journal of Applied Microbiology

DOI 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.01825.x

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Abstract

AIMS: This study investigates the antimicrobial activity and mode of action of two natural products, eugenol and thymol, a commonly utilized biostatic agent, triclocarban (TCC), and two surfactants, didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDDMAC) and C10-C16 alkyldimethyl amine N-oxides (ADMAO). METHODS AND RESULTS: Methods used included: determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), lethal effect studies with suspension tests and the investigation of sub-MIC concentrations on growth of E. coli, Staph. aureus and Ps. aeruginosa using a Bioscreen microbiological analyser. Leakage of intracellular constituents and the effects of potentiating agents were also investigated. Only DDDMAC was bactericidal against all of the organisms tested. Eugenol, thymol and ADMAO showed bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity, but not against Ps. aeruginosa. TCC was only bacteristatic against Staph. aureus, but like the other agents, it did affect the growth of the other organisms in the Bioscreen experiments. All of the antimicrobial agents tested were potentiated by the permeabilizers to some extent and leakage of potassium was seen with all of the agents except TCC. CONCLUSIONS: DDDMAC was bactericidal against all organisms tested and all compounds had some bacteriostatic action. Low level static effects on bacterial growth were seen with sub-MIC concentrations. Membrane damage may account for at least part of the mode of action of thymol, eugenol, DDDMAC and ADMAO. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The ingredients evaluated demonstrated a range of bactericidal and bacteriostatic properties against the Gram-negative and -positive organisms evaluated and the membrane (leakage of intracellular components) was implicated in the mode of action for most (except TCC). Sub-MIC levels of all ingredients did induce subtle effects on the organisms which impacted bacterial growth, even for those which had no true inhibitory effects.

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Authors: Walsh, S. E., Maillard, J.-Y., Russell, A. D., Catrenich, C. E., Charbonneau, D. L., & Bartolo, R. G.
Affiliations: De Montfort University (GB)
University of Brighton (GB)
Cardiff University (GB)
Procter & Gamble (United States) (US)
ORCID: Walsh, S.E.
Maillard, J.-Y.
Venue: Journal of Applied Microbiology
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2003-02
Volume: 94
Issue: 2
Pages: 240-247
ISSN: 1364-5072 (ISSN-L)
1365-2672
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.01825.x
OpenAlex: W1969348764
Cited by: 527
References: 32
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 26
FWCI: 9.61
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1 (tdm, 4595 d)
Locations: Journal of Applied Microbiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DMU Open Research Archive (De Montfort University) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology › Antimicrobial agents and applications
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Essential Oils and Antimicrobial Activity
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bacterial biofilms and quorum sensing
Keywords: eugenol, thymol, triclocarban, didecyldimethylammonium chloride, antimicrobial activity, mechanism of action, bactericides, bacteriostatic agents, membrane damage, potassium leakage, sub-MIC effects, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, surfactants, natural products
MeSH terms: Quaternary Ammonium Compounds, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Carbanilides, Edetic Acid, Escherichia coli, Eugenol, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Potassium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Sesquiterpenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Surface-Active Agents, Thymol

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