Growth Hormone‐Releasing Hormone Receptor (GNRH‐R) and Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor (GHS‐R) mRNA Levels During Postnatal Development in Male and Female Rats
Open accessAbstract
Experimental evidence suggests that differential pituitary sensitivity to hypothalamic signals exerts a role in mediating both age and sex dependent patterns of growth hormone (GH) release and synthesis. One mechanism by which pituitary sensitivity to hypothalamic GH regulators could be modified is by the differential synthesis of their pituitary receptors. In the present report we therefore studied the age and sex dependency of the expression of receptors for two known stimulators of GH release, growth hormone‐releasing hormone (GHRH) and the synthetic peptidyl and non‐peptidyl GH secretagogues (GHSs). Pituitary GHRH receptor (GHRH‐R) and GHS receptor (GHS‐R) mRNA levels were measured by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) in male and female rats at postnatal day 1, 10, 30 and 75. We also examined the age‐ and sex‐dependent expression of the GHS‐R in whole hypothalamic extracts, since the GHS‐R is also expressed in a variety of nuclei within the hypothalamus and has been linked to central regulation of the GH‐axis. Pituitary GHRH‐R mRNA concentrations were age‐dependent; the highest levels were observed in d1 pituitaries and then declined with age, reaching a nadir by d30. These results are in concordance with the age‐related decline in pituitary GHRH sensitivity. In contrast, the ontogenic pattern of GHS‐R expression was bimodal; GHS‐R mRNA concentrations in d1 and d30 pituitaries were approximately twice those at d10 and d75. These results mirror the transient increase in GHS sensitivity observed around the onset of puberty, suggesting that gonadal steroids mediate GHS‐R expression. GHRH‐R mRNA levels were comparable in males and females within each age while GHS‐R mRNA levels were gender dependent. At d30, male GHS‐R mRNA levels were ≈30% greater than in their female counterparts. This was reversed at d75, when females had 89% more GHS‐R mRNA per pituitary and 65% more per somatotrope than did age‐matched males. These sexual differences further support a role for gonadal steroids in the modulation of pituitary GHS‐R synthesis. The ontogenic and gender‐specific pattern of hypothalamic GHS‐R expression differed from that observed for the pituitary. Hypothalamic GHS‐R mRNA levels increased with age but exhibited no significant sex difference at each age tested. Taken together, these data demonstrate that changes in the levels of pituitary GHS‐R mRNA, but not GHRH‐R mRNA, are associated with changes in the gonadal steroid environment, thereby implicating the GHS/GHS‐R signalling system as a control point in the establishment and maintenance of sexually dimorphic patterns of GH secretion.
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E2 induces transcription of the human GHRP receptor gene in vitro.
“and E 2 induces transcription of the human GHRP receptor gene in vitro (23,54,55).”
From Determinants of dual secretagogue drive of burst-like growth hormone secretion in premenopausal women studied under a selective estradiol clamp (2005) · cites this paper as [55]
The Abstract reports that pituitary GHS-R mRNA levels in rats are associated with changes in the gonadal steroid environment, and suggests that gonadal steroids mediate GHS-R expression. It does not establish that E2 induces transcription of the human GHRP receptor gene in vitro; the species, experimental setting, and causal claim exceed what this paper reports. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredGene transcripts encoding the pituitary GHRP receptor are 2- to 10-fold more abundant in the adult female than male rodent pituitary.
“gene transcripts encoding the pituitary GHRP receptor are 2to 10-fold more abundant in the adult female than male rodent pituitary”
From Determinants of dual secretagogue drive of burst-like growth hormone secretion in premenopausal women studied under a selective estradiol clamp (2005) · cites this paper as [55]
The Results report higher pituitary GHS-R mRNA in adult female rats than in males. The reported differences are 89% per whole pituitary and 64% per somatotrope—about 1.9-fold and 1.6-fold—not the claimed 2- to 10-fold range. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredE2 may upregulate receptor-dependent actions of GHRP.
“Laboratory data are consistent with a unifying notion that E 2 may upregulate receptor-dependent actions of GHRP.”
From Determinants of dual secretagogue drive of burst-like growth hormone secretion in premenopausal women studied under a selective estradiol clamp (2005) · cites this paper as [55]
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- Authors
- Kamegai, Wakabayashi, Kineman, & Frohman
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- Nippon Medical School (JP)
- Venue
- Journal of Neuroendocrinology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1999-04
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 299-306
- ISSN
- 0953-8194 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2826
- OpenAlex
- W2037061472
- Semantic Scholar
- e91e213401a65b35f289b4cd8f18b10adf9530ec
- Cited by
- 74
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 4.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Japan Private School Promotion Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK30667)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Keywords
- growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor, growth hormone secretagogue receptor, growth hormone, pituitary gland, hypothalamus, postnatal development, sex differences, age-related gene expression, puberty, sex steroids, somatotrophs, growth hormone axis, rats, mRNA expression, growth hormone secretion
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Female, Hypothalamus, Male, Pituitary Gland, Pregnancy, Receptors, Cell Surface, RNA, Messenger, Receptors, Neuropeptide, Receptors, Pituitary Hormone-Regulating Hormone, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled, Rats, Receptors, Ghrelin
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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