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Employment, social inclusion and mental health
Abstract
Whereas un employment is clearly linked to mental health problems, employment can improve quality of life, mental health, social networks and social inclusion. Yet in the UK only 15% of people with serious mental health problems are employed – despite an overwhelming consensus from surveys, case studies and personal accounts that users want to work. This paper aims to challenge common misconceptions surrounding employment, work and mental health problems. Drawing on a range of research evidence and legislative guidance it discusses significant barriers to work and proposes feasible solutions. The need for mental health staff and services to become involved in the provision of work opportunities is considered, as is the vital role they can play in changing communities. The potency of work as a vehicle for improving the social inclusion and community tenure of people with mental health problems is highlighted.
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From Helping People with Mental Illness Return to Employment: Challenging Existing Beliefs (2015) · cites this paper as [1]
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“A questo proposito, vogliamo evidenziare il fatto che, come sottolineano anche Evans & Repper (2000), i programmi finalizzati a ridurre gli atteggiamenti negativi nei confronti di persone disabili o con malattia mentale dovrebbero diventare una costante dei servizi socio sani- Epidemiologia e…”
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“Employment influences mental health (MH) both for those with existing psychiatric disorders and for the general population (Evans & Repper, 2000).”
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“…to work (Lysaght, Ouellette-Kuntz, et al., 2009; Stanley & Regan, 2003; Tompa et al., 2006), their employment rate lies significantly below that of the general population (Brault, 2012; Evans & Repper, 2000; Hall & Wilton, 2011; Lysaght, Petner-Arrey, et al., 2017; Meulenkamp et al., 2015).”
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“…to demonstrating efficacy based on vocational outcomes, studies have also demonstrated that employment provides a structured occupation, an increase in quality of life and self-esteem, as well as a sense of societal belonging (Areberg & Berjerholm, 2013; Bond et al., 2001; Evans & Repper, 2000).”
BackgroundMental Health Status of Healthcare Workers During the COVID-19 Outbreak
Nicolaou, C., Menikou, J., Lamnisos, D., Ļubenko, J., Presti, G., Squatrito, V., Constantinou, M., Papacostas, S., Aydın, G., Chong, Y. Y., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Psychology Open · doi:10.1024/2673-8627/a000010 · Cited by 13
“It seems that returning to work and participating in minimizing the spread of the pandemic could improve their self-esteemleadingtoabetterqualityoflife,lessdepression and stress, and better immunity (Evans & Repper, 2000 ; Modini et al., 2016 ).”
BackgroundHansen, J. O., & Bjerge, B. (2017) · Advances in Dual Diagnosis · doi:10.1108/add-11-2016-0019 · Cited by 16
Nhunzvi, C., Langhaug, L. F., Mavindidze, E., Harding, R., & Galvaan, R. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-036916 · Cited by 12
The meaning of work for people with severe mental illness: a systematic review
Axiotidou, M., & Papakonstantinou, D. (2021) · Mental Health Review Journal · doi:10.1108/mhrj-12-2020-0088 · Cited by 11
Fahy, K., Alexiou, A., Daras, K., Mason, K., Bennett, D. L., Taylor-Robinson, D. C., & Barr, B. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-16340-0 · Cited by 12
“These impacts of CEP services on local employment levels and the economy have implications for mental health, as employment is recognised as one of the key social determinants of health [37] and has been evidenced to impact mental health in particular [38].”
BackgroundDeveloping and testing the F-SIM, a measure of social inclusion for people with mental illness
Filia, K., Jackson, H. J., Cotton, S., & Killackey, E. J. (2019) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.06.038 · Cited by 11
Predictors of Job Satisfaction for People With Visual Impairments
Steverson, A., & Crudden, A. (2023) · Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness · doi:10.1177/0145482x231168889 · Cited by 10
Health effects of cochlear implants.
Guitar, K., Giles, E., Raymond, B., & Welch, D. (2013) · PubMed · Cited by 10
Turner, N., Ferguson, L., Hill, M. B., Nesbitt, T., O’Callaghan, E., O'Mahony, P. D., & Clarke, M. (2017) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764017691551 · Cited by 10
“…mental health frequently cite a high level of social exclusion among people with psychiatric conditions (Department of Health & Children, 2006; Evans & Repper, 2000; Evans-Lacko et al., 2014; Huxley & Thornicroft, 2003; Killaspy et al., 2014; Morgan, Burns, Fitzpatrick, Pinfold, & Priebe,…”
BackgroundCovid-19 Demographics from a Tertiary Care Center: Does It Depreciate Quality-of-Life?
Revathishree, K., Sudarsan, S. S., Indu, R., & Srinivasan, K. (2020) · Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery · doi:10.1007/s12070-020-02144-w · Cited by 10
“Studies like [21, 22] voiced the same concern.”
Getting Problem Drug Users (Back) into Employment
Seddon, T. (2008) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) · Cited by 10
Partnerships in mental health: addressing barriers to social inclusion
Russell, A., & Lloyd, C. (2004) · International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation · doi:10.12968/ijtr.2004.11.6.13332 · Cited by 9
Zhang, J., Choi, M.-C., Wang, K., & Kim, H. E. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1506906 · Cited by 11
Vocational Rehabilitation, Inclusion, and Social Integration
Blessing, C., Golden, T. P., Pi, S., Bruyère, S. M., & Looy, S. A. V. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199733989.013.0025 · Cited by 8
WELLS, J. S. G. (2006) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2006.00921.x · Cited by 8
Vocational support in mental health service delivery in Australia
Petrakis, M., Stirling, Y., & Higgins, K. (2018) · Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.1080/11038128.2018.1498918 · Cited by 8
“People are often believed to be too unwell to work and employment opportunities are denied [9].”
BackgroundZeng, X. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32985 · Cited by 7
“It adds to previous studies, which found that individuals with mental illness were excluded from jobs, social interaction, and rational debates [70–73].”
MethodVermeire, E., Cuyper, N. D., & Kyndt, E. (2022) · Professional and practice-based learning · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-89582-2_17 · Cited by 7
Besser, A., Döhnert, M., & Stadelmann, S. (2019) · Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1024/1422-4917/a000668 · Cited by 7
Social Media’s Potential in Improving the Mental Well-Being of the Unemployed
Suphan, A., Feuls, M., & Fieseler, C. (2012) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-32850-3_2 · Cited by 7
Severe and enduring mental illness
Childs, S., & Griffiths, C. (2003) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7506-4965-0.50022-2 · Cited by 7
A relational perspective of schizophrenia at work
Khalid, A., & Syed, J. (2022) · Equality Diversity and Inclusion An International Journal · doi:10.1108/edi-06-2022-0165 · Cited by 6
Understanding the barriers to hiring autistic people as perceived by employers in the United Kingdom
Day, M. R., Wood, C., Corker, E., & Freeth, M. (2024) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613241301493 · Cited by 9
“Employment provides opportunities for social interaction, financial independence and personal accomplishment (Evans & Repper, 2000) and has been associated with improved health and well-being in autistic people (Harkry, 2017).”
The profile of professionals in health and education fields at work in their communities
Beinner, M. A., & Cambraia, R. P. (2004) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/s1413-81232004000100008 · Cited by 6
“…of every service user’s health plan: work history, experience and aspirations must be assessed along with a careful assessment of actual and potential difficulties in order to develop a support package that meets each user’s specific work and employment choices and needs (Evans & Repper, 2000).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Evans, J., & Repper, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Manchester (GB)
- ORCID
- Repper, J.
- Venue
- Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2000-02
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 15-24
- ISSN
- 1351-0126 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2850
- OpenAlex
- W2156557460
- Cited by
- 209
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 0.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Employment and Welfare Studies
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mental Health and Patient Involvement
- Social Sciences › Education › Disability Education and Employment
- Keywords
- employment, mental health, social inclusion, unemployment, barriers to employment, mental health services, communal land tenure, quality of life, mental health law
- MeSH terms
- Attitude of Health Personnel, Attitude to Health, Mental Disorders, Employment, Humans, Mental Health, Organizational Innovation, Prejudice, Psychological Distance, Organizational Culture
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