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The alteration of human sleep and circadian rhythms during spaceflight
Abstract
Numerous anecdotes in the past suggest the concept that sleep disturbances in astronauts occur more frequently during spaceflight than on ground. Such disturbances may be caused in part by exogenous factors, but also an altered physiological state under microgravity may add to reducing sleep quality in a spacecraft. The present investigation aims at a better understanding of possible sleep disturbances under microgravity. For the first time, experiments were conducted in which sleep and circadian regulation could be simultaneously assessed in space. Four astronauts took part in this study aboard the Russian MIR station. Sleep was recorded polygraphically on tape together with body temperature. For a comparison, the same parameters were measured during baseline periods preceding the flights. The circadian phase of body temperature was found to be delayed by about 2 h in space compared with baseline data. A free‐run was not observed during the first 30 d in space. Sleep was shorter and more disturbed than on earth. In addition, the structure of sleep was significantly altered. In space, the latency to the first REM episode was shorter, and slow‐wave sleep was redistributed from the first to the second sleep cycle. Several mechanisms may be responsible for these alterations in sleep regulation and circadian phase. Most likely, altered circadian zeitgebers on MIR and a deficiency in the process S of Borbély's sleep model cause the observed findings. The change in process S may be related to changes in physical activity as a result of weightlessness.
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“While previous research has noted increases in CBT during spaceflight15–17 and impaired thermoregulation during space analogs, i.e. head-down tilt bed rest18, these studies were limited to short missions and did not investigate the effect of acute physical exercise on CBT.”
From Increased core body temperature in astronauts during long-duration space missions (2017) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“Elevated CBT in space has been earlier observed by Gundel et al.16,17, using 24-hours CBT recordings, however to much lower extent (0.06–0.16 °C).”
From Increased core body temperature in astronauts during long-duration space missions (2017) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“However, these studies were short-term missions, spanning a maximum of 8–16 days of spaceflight.”
From Increased core body temperature in astronauts during long-duration space missions (2017) · cites this paper as [17]
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Cahill, T., da Silveira, W. A., Renaud, L., Wang, H., Williamson, T., Chung, D., Chan, S. S. L., Overton, I. M., & Hardiman, G. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-26976-4 · Cited by 12
“Changes to the circadian rhythm GO term (GO:0007623) involved the upregulation of PER2, NR1D1, and the downregulation of PER3; consistent with previous work relating radiation exposure to alterations in the circadian rhythm 52 .”
ResultFrantzidis, C., Kontana, E., Karkala, A., Nigdelis, V. D., Karagianni, M. A., Nday, C. M., Ganapathy, K., & Kourtidou‐Papadeli, C. (2019) · Neurology India · doi:10.4103/0028-3886.259124 · Cited by 10
“[3] Crew members should maintain an optimal status of cognitive functioning for performing complex mental tasks with circadian rhythm alterations.[4] These factors may induce stress, sleep disorders and fatigue—which contribute to detrimental effects on cognitive and mental well‐being with the risk of jeopardizing int…”
BackgroundMonitoring of Core Body Temperature in Humans
Werner, A. T., & Gunga, H. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-16996-1_26 · Cited by 9
van den Berg, N., Michaud, X., Pattyn, N., & Simonelli, G. (2023) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-022-01407-3 · Cited by 11
Semantic analysis of thyroid cancer cell proteins obtained from rare research opportunities
Bauer, J. W., Grimm, D. G., & Gombocz, E. (2017) · Journal of Biomedical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2017.10.011 · Cited by 10
Alterations in the activity and sleep of Drosophila melanogaster under simulated microgravity
Zhang, H., Wang, Y., Zhang, Z., Zhang, L., Tang, C., Sun, B., Jiang, Z., Ding, B., & Cai, P. (2021) · npj Microgravity · doi:10.1038/s41526-021-00157-5 · Cited by 11
Study of Temperature Homeostasis in Real and Simulated Weightlessness
Lakota, N. G., & Ларина, И. М. (2002) · Human Physiology · doi:10.1023/a:1015513020425 · Cited by 10
“The dynamics of the chest–foot T-gradient (by analogy with this parameter deviations in ANOH and isolation) is indicative of circulatory shifts, while a decrease in the amplitude of the T-parameters in the morning–evening cycle points to daily rhythm disorders, at least the heat balance components [47, 48].”
BackgroundResultGrimm, D. G., Bauer, J. W., Infanger, M., & Cogoli, A. (2006) · Signal Transduction · doi:10.1002/sita.200600103 · Cited by 10
Simulating microgravity with 60 days of 6 degree head-down tilt bed rest compromises sleep
Strauch, L., von der Wiesche, M., Noppe, A., Mulder, E. R., Rieger, I., Aeschbach, D., & Elmenhorst, E. (2024) · npj Microgravity · doi:10.1038/s41526-024-00448-7 · Cited by 9
Sleep in 21-Day Dry Immersion. Are Cardiovascular Adjustments Rapid Eye Movement Sleep-Dependent?
Bersenev, E. Y., Ukraintseva, Y. V., Kovrov, G. V., Yakhya, Y. D., Vassilieva, G. Y., Tomilovskaya, E., Rukavishnikov, I. V., Посохов, С. И., Orlov, A. V., Osetskiy, N., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.749773 · Cited by 9
Changes to human sleep architecture during long‐duration spaceflight
Piltch, O., Flynn‐Evans, E. E., Young, M., & Stickgold, R. (2024) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14345 · Cited by 8
“This approximately 6 hr per night inflight (Barger et al., 2014; Dijk et al., 2001; Frost Jr. et al., 1976; Gundel et al., 1997; Monk et al., 2001; Santy et al., 1988).”
InfluentialAn introduction to space medicine and the physiological effects of spaceflight on the human body
Ong, J., & Lee, A. G. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91524-3.00007-7 · Cited by 14
Characterization of sleep-wake patterns in crew members under a short-duration spaceflight
Chen, H., Lv, K., Ji, G., Liu, Z., Guo, J., Wan, Y., Wang, L., Li, Z., Li, Y., & Qu, L. (2020) · Biological Rhythm Research · doi:10.1080/09291016.2018.1533730 · Cited by 7
“(Gundel et al. 1997) reported that REM latency was shorter, and slow-wave sleep was redistributed in four astronauts in MIR station; they considered that altered circadian rhythm was responsible for these changes.”
BackgroundKremsky, I., Ali, S., Stanbouly, S., Holley, J. M., Justinen, S., Pecaut, M. J., Crapo, J. D., & Mao, X. W. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241713569 · Cited by 9
“Spaceflight missions often expose astronauts to atypical sleep–wake cycles and work schedules [50,51].”
BackgroundSleep and Core Body Temperature Alterations Induced by Space Radiation in Rats
Sanford, L. D., Adkins, A. M., Boden, A. F., Gotthold, J. D., Harris, R. D., Shuboni‐Mulligan, D. D., Wellman, L. L., & Britten, R. A. (2023) · Life · doi:10.3390/life13041002 · Cited by 8
“Some changes in sleep that have been reported include altered latency to REM, shorter REM episode duration, and the redistribution of NREM between the first and the second sleep cycles [45].”
BackgroundGonfalone, A. A. (2018) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2018.02.020 · Cited by 8
Sandal, G. M. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-101869-9.00006-6 · Cited by 8
Thymus ad astra, or spaceflight-induced thymic involution
Muramatsu, W., Maryanovich, M., Akiyama, T., & Karagiannis, G. S. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1534444 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- GUNDEL, A., POLYAKOV, V. V., & ZULLEY, J.
- Affiliations
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR) (DE)
- Institute of Biomedical Problems (RU)
- University of Regensburg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- GUNDEL, A.
- Venue
- Journal of Sleep Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1997-03
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-8
- ISSN
- 0962-1105 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2869
- OpenAlex
- W2052024305
- Cited by
- 170
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 1.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Sleep Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Spaceflight effects on biology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- sleep disorders, circadian rhythm, spaceflight, microgravity, astronauts, body temperature, REM latency, slow-wave sleep, sleep architecture, circadian phase delay, sleep-wake regulation, physical activity, Mir space station
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Circadian Rhythm, Humans, Middle Aged, Sleep Stages, Sleep, REM, Space Flight, Wakefulness
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