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Cited by 455Sleep and Work-Related FatigueSpaceflight effects on biologySleep and Wakefulness Research

Soluble TNF-α receptor 1 and IL-6 plasma levels in humans subjected to the sleep deprivation model of spaceflight

Shearer, William T., Reuben, James M., Mullington, Janet M., Price, Nicholas J., Lee, Bang-Ning, Smith, E.O’Brian, Szuba, Martin P., Van Dongen, Hans P.A. +1 more·2001·Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
DOI 10.1067/mai.2001.112270
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Abstract

Background The extent to which sleep loss may predispose astronauts to a state of altered immunity during extended space travel prompts evaluation with ground-based models.Objective We sought to measure plasma levels of selected cytokines and their receptors, including the putative sleep-regulation proteins soluble TNF-alpha receptor (sTNF-alpha R) I and IL-6, in human subjects undergoing 2 types of sleep deprivation during environmental confinement with performance demands.Methods Healthy adult men (n = 42) were randomized to schedules that varied in severity of sleep loss: 4 days (88 hours) of partial sleep deprivation (PSD) involving two 2-hour naps per day or 4 days of total sleep deprivation (TSD). Plasma samples were obtained every 6 hours across 5 days and analyzed by using enzyme-linked immunoassays for sTNF-alpha RI, sTNF-alpha RII, IL-6, soluble IL-2 receptor, IL-10, and TNF-alpha.Results Interactions between the effects of time and sleep deprivation level were detected for sTNF-alpha RI and IL-6 but not for sTNF-alpha RII, soluble IL-2 receptor, IL-10, and TNF-alpha. Relative to the PSD condition, subjects in the TSD condition had elevated plasma levels of sTNF-alpha RI on day 2 (P =.04), day 3 (P =.01), and across days 2 to 4 of sleep loss (P =.01) and elevated levels of IL-6 on day 4 (P =.04).Conclusions Total sleep loss produced significant increases in plasma levels of sTNF-alpha RI and IL-6, messengers that connect the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems. These changes appeared to reflect elevations of the homeostatic drive for sleep because they occurred in TSD but not PSD, suggesting that naps may serve as the basis for a countermeasures approach to prolonged spaceflight.

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Crossref · 10.1067/mai.2001.112270

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  • IL-6 does not increase until four nights of sleep loss have passed.

    “Elevated levels of IL-6 do not occur until after 4 nights (Shearer et al, 2001)”

    From Sleep health: Reciprocal regulation of sleep and innate immunity (2017) · cites this paper as Shearer et al, 2001

  • The relationship between sleep and metabolism has been extensively studied in human subjects under varying conditions, such as total sleep deprivation, partial sleep deprivation, and sleep fragmentation.

    “The relationship between sleep and metabolism has been extensively studied in human subjects under varying conditions, such as total sleep deprivation,87–100 partial sleep deprivation,101–122 and sleep fragmentation123–125 (Table 1).”

    From Interacting epidemics? Sleep curtailment, insulin resistance, and obesity (2012) · cites this paper as [93]

  • Increased plasma IL-6 is reported after partial and total sleep deprivation in most cases, though two studies only reported loss of circadian rhythms.

    “Increased plasma levels of IL-6 were reported after partial and total sleep deprivation in most cases,93,106,107,108,112 although two studies only reported a loss of circadian rhythms82,96”

    From Interacting epidemics? Sleep curtailment, insulin resistance, and obesity (2012) · cites this paper as [93]

  • TNF-α levels are most often unchanged after partial sleep restriction, but not always.

    “TNF-α levels are most often,82,93,112 but not always,107 unchanged after partial sleep restriction.”

    From Interacting epidemics? Sleep curtailment, insulin resistance, and obesity (2012) · cites this paper as [93]

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Authors
Shearer, W. T., Reuben, J. M., Mullington, J. M., Price, N. J., Lee, B.-N., Smith, E. O., Szuba, M. P., Van Dongen, H. P. A., & Dinges, D. F.
Affiliations
  • Baylor College of Medicine (US)
  • Institut für Hämatopathologie Hamburg (DE)
  • Harvard University (US)
  • University of Pennsylvania (US)
  • The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (US)
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2001-01
Volume
107
Issue
1
Pages
165-170
ISSN
0091-6749 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1067/mai.2001.112270
OpenAlex
W1993483422
Cited by
455
References
35
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 28
FWCI
21.86
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
National Center for Research Resources (RR 00040)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Spaceflight effects on biology
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
Keywords
sleep deprivation, total sleep deprivation, sleep restriction, interleukin-6, cytokines, soluble interleukin-2 receptor, IL-10, TNF-α, spaceflight, napping, sleep homeostasis
MeSH terms
Adult, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Sleep Deprivation, Solubility, Space Flight, Time Factors, Interleukin-6, Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor

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