The DOI matches its Crossref record; 58 of the 58 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 34 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis
Open accessAbstract
Apically derived auxin has long been known to inhibit lateral bud growth, but since it appears not to enter the bud, it has been proposed that its inhibitory effect is mediated by a second messenger. Candidates include the plant hormones ethylene, cytokinin and abscisic acid. We have developed a new assay to study this phenomenon using the model plant Arabidopsis. The assay allows study of the effects of both apical and basal hormone applications on the growth of buds on excised nodal sections. We have shown that apical auxin can inhibit the growth of small buds, but larger buds were found to have lost competence to respond. We have used the assay with nodes from wild-type and hormone-signalling mutants to test the role of ethylene, cytokinin and abscisic acid in bud inhibition by apical auxin. Our data eliminate ethylene as a second messenger for auxin-mediated bud inhibition. Similarly, abscisic acid signalling is not to be required for auxin action, although basally applied abscisic can enhance inhibition by apical auxin and apically applied abscisic acid can reduce it. By contrast, basally applied cytokinin was found to release lateral buds from inhibition by apical auxin, while apically applied cytokinin dramatically increased the duration of inhibition. These results are consistent with cytokinin acting independently to regulate bud growth, rather than as a second messenger for auxin. However, in the absence of cytokinin-signalling mutants, a role for cytokinin as a second messenger for auxin cannot be ruled out.
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2 of 34 cited sources checked · 2 supported · 0 flagged
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“auxin levels in the bud actually increase as lateral buds begin to enlarge and grow (Gocal et al., 1991;Hillman, 1984;Pearce et al., 1995).”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Gocal et al., 1991 source
The Discussion reports that IAA concentration increased fivefold in the larger axillary bud within four hours of decapitation. It also reports increased bud size and fresh weight by eight hours, closely associating the IAA increase with the onset of growth. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not matchedcites Hillman, 1984
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pearce et al., 1995 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, despite the lower growth rates, inhibition by apical 1 mM NAA was clearly demonstrated with both etr1 and AVG treatments.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > The effect of ethylene and ABA on auxin-mediated inhibition
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The etr1 mutant is ethylene-insensitive.
- Rests on an assumption: AVG inhibits ethylene biosynthesis.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“NAA at this concentration (10 mM) could also inhibit outgrowth from longer buds, up to 3.5 mm long at excision (data not shown).”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Growth of excised buds
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When both hormones were applied basally, bud growth was similar to that of untreated controls.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > The effect of cytokinin
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“although basally applied abscisic can enhance inhibition by apical auxin”
- Also stated in: § The effect of ethylene and ABA on auxin-mediated inhibition · plain
“Combining basal 3 mM ABA with apical 1 mM NAA increased the duration of inhibition signi®cantly compared with apical NAA alone.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Abstract Apically derived auxin has long been known to inhibit lateral bud growth, but since it appears not to enter the bud, it has been proposed that its inhibitory effect is mediated by a second messenger.Candidates include the plant hormones ethylene, cytokinin and abscisic acid.We have developed a new assay to study this phenomenon using the model plant Arabidopsis.The assay allows study of the effects of both apical and basal hormone applications on the growth of buds on excised nodal sections.We have shown that apical auxin can inhibit the growth of small buds, but larger buds were found to have lost competence to respond.We have used the assay with nodes from wild-type and hormonesignalling mutants to test the role of ethylene, cytokinin and abscisic acid in bud inhibition by apical auxin.Our data eliminate ethylene as a second messenger for auxin-mediated bud inhibition.Similarly, abscisic acid signalling is not to be required for auxin action, although basally applied abscisic can enhance inhibition by apical auxin and apically applied abscisic acid can reduce it.By contrast, basally applied cytokinin was found to release lateral buds from inhibition by apical auxin, while apically applied cytokinin dramatically increased the duration of inhibition.These results are consistent with cytokinin acting independently to regulate bud growth, rather than as a second messenger for auxin.However, in the absence of cytokinin-signalling mutants, a role for cytokinin as a second messenger for auxin cannot be ruled out.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § The effect of ethylene and ABA on auxin-mediated inhibition · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If 1 mM NAA was supplied both apically and basally simultaneously, the mean duration of inhibition, compared to apical NAA alone, was increased from 5 days to 7±8 days.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Growth of excised buds
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“basally applied cytokinin was found to release lateral buds from inhibition by apical auxin”
- Also stated in: § The effect of cytokinin · plain
“Basal 1 mM BA was found to release the inhibition of outgrowth by 1 mM apical auxin in most instances.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Abstract Apically derived auxin has long been known to inhibit lateral bud growth, but since it appears not to enter the bud, it has been proposed that its inhibitory effect is mediated by a second messenger.Candidates include the plant hormones ethylene, cytokinin and abscisic acid.We have developed a new assay to study this phenomenon using the model plant Arabidopsis.The assay allows study of the effects of both apical and basal hormone applications on the growth of buds on excised nodal sections.We have shown that apical auxin can inhibit the growth of small buds, but larger buds were found to have lost competence to respond.We have used the assay with nodes from wild-type and hormonesignalling mutants to test the role of ethylene, cytokinin and abscisic acid in bud inhibition by apical auxin.Our data eliminate ethylene as a second messenger for auxin-mediated bud inhibition.Similarly, abscisic acid signalling is not to be required for auxin action, although basally applied abscisic can enhance inhibition by apical auxin and apically applied abscisic acid can reduce it.By contrast, basally applied cytokinin was found to release lateral buds from inhibition by apical auxin, while apically applied cytokinin dramatically increased the duration of inhibition.These results are consistent with cytokinin acting independently to regulate bud growth, rather than as a second messenger for auxin.However, in the absence of cytokinin-signalling mutants, a role for cytokinin as a second messenger for auxin cannot be ruled out.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § The effect of cytokinin · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Buds exposed to combined apical NAA plus BA were also more resistant to release by basal BA than buds exposed to apical NAA alone (data not shown).”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > The effect of cytokinin
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, dye supplied in the apical media block did not appear in the leaf or bud.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Auxin and bud outgrowth Our data show a direct relationship between the concentration of apical auxin and the duration of the inhibition of bud outgrowth (Figure 3).Other workers have found that increasing the concentration of auxin applied to the cut stump of decapitated plants (Thimann, 1937;Went, 1939), or to the apical end of explants (Tamas et al., 1989), decreases the ®nal length of lateral buds.Wickson and Thimann (1958) observed that buds on nodal sections of Pisum sativum immersed in nutrient solutions were inhibited for approximately the same period over a range of IAA concentrations.The buds would `breakaway' after 5 days, but their subsequent growth was slower at higher IAA concentrations.In contrast, we have found that, when apical NAA is applied, the time to breakaway increases as the concentration is raised from 0.1 to 10 mM, often with little difference in the subsequent rate of outgrowth (Figure 3b).The mechanism behind this concentrationdependent timing of breakaway is unclear.A decline in the sensitivity of some auxin-responsive tissues may occur, or the ability of the nodal sections to take up and/or transport auxin may diminish with time and the build-up of callus at the cut stump.Perhaps a substance accumulates that counteracts inhibition by auxin.For instance, cells at the base of the nodal sections that have begun to differentiate into root tissue may begin to synthesize and release cytokinins.We have established that there is no signi®cant decrease in the potency of the NAA in the split plates during the course of the experiment.Plates used in the assay for 8 days were replenished with fresh nodal sections and were found to inhibit bud outgrowth for as long as fresh plates (data not shown). The assay has also revealed a trend for decreasing sensitivity to inhibition by apical auxin as lateral bud size increases.We have found that some of the larger buds (2± 5 mm), which appear unresponsive to 1 mM NAA, can be inhibited by higher concentrations of apical NAA, but that even 10 mM NAA may not inhibit buds longer than 5 mm (data not shown).Therefore, it appears that, with increasing size, buds loose competence to respond to auxin.The molecular basis for this change is unknown.One possibility is that the transition to auxin resistance corresponds to the establishment of auxin synthesis and transport in the developing bud as suggested by Snow (1937).Certainly, auxin levels increase as buds begin to grow (Gocal et al., 1991;Hillman, 1984;Pearce et al., 1995), and bud activity correlates with the presence of active polar auxin transport (Morris and Johnson, 1990;Morris, 1977). Supplying apical NPA prevented inhibition by apical NAA.This supports the conclusion reached by Tamas et al. (1989) that basipetal auxin transport from the apex is required for bud growth inhibition.In addition, our observation that basally supplied auxins failed to inhibit lateral bud outgrowth is in agreement with their ®ndings.However, they also found that supplying basal IAA to bean nodal explants could relieve inhibition by apical IAA, which is contrary to our results using NAA.This may re¯ect a difference in the action of these speci®c auxins (e.g.uptake into cells), or in the responses of the two species to basal auxin.The difference in the effects of basally and apically supplied auxin is not explained by a difference in the quantity of hormone reaching the bud.By the addition of dyes, we have established that there is signi®cant bulk ¯ow of solutes from the basal media block to the cauline leaf and later to the growing bud in the transpiration stream (data not shown).However, dye supplied in the apical media block did not appear in the leaf or bud.In addition, Lim and Tamas (1989) used 14 C-IAA to show that the quantity of IAA transported to the bud from the cut apical surface of explants did not exceed that reaching the bud from the basal end.We were able to con®rm this result for Arabidopsis explants using 14 C-IAA in our own assay (data not shown).
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“NAA at a concentration of 10 mM supplied to both ends completely inhibited all outgrowth of the lateral shoots for the duration of the experiment (14 days).”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Growth of excised buds
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 33
- Probably not a substantial claim. 12
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Certainly, auxin levels increase as buds begin to grow (Gocal et al., 1991;Hillman, 1984;Pearce et al., 1995), and bud activity correlates with the presence of active polar auxin transport (Morris and Johnson, 1990;Morris, 1977).”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Auxin and bud outgrowth Our data show a direct relationship between the concentration of apical auxin and the duration of the inhibition of bud outgrowth (Figure 3).Other workers have found that increasing the concentration of auxin applied to the cut stump of decapitated plants (Thimann, 1937;Went, 1939), or to the apical end of explants (Tamas et al., 1989), decreases the ®nal length of lateral buds.Wickson and Thimann (1958) observed that buds on nodal sections of Pisum sativum immersed in nutrient solutions were inhibited for approximately the same period over a range of IAA concentrations.The buds would `breakaway' after 5 days, but their subsequent growth was slower at higher IAA concentrations.In contrast, we have found that, when apical NAA is applied, the time to breakaway increases as the concentration is raised from 0.1 to 10 mM, often with little difference in the subsequent rate of outgrowth (Figure 3b).The mechanism behind this concentrationdependent timing of breakaway is unclear.A decline in the sensitivity of some auxin-responsive tissues may occur, or the ability of the nodal sections to take up and/or transport auxin may diminish with time and the build-up of callus at the cut stump.Perhaps a substance accumulates that counteracts inhibition by auxin.For instance, cells at the base of the nodal sections that have begun to differentiate into root tissue may begin to synthesize and release cytokinins.We have established that there is no signi®cant decrease in the potency of the NAA in the split plates during the course of the experiment.Plates used in the assay for 8 days were replenished with fresh nodal sections and were found to inhibit bud outgrowth for as long as fresh plates (data not shown). The assay has also revealed a trend for decreasing sensitivity to inhibition by apical auxin as lateral bud size increases.We have found that some of the larger buds (2± 5 mm), which appear unresponsive to 1 mM NAA, can be inhibited by higher concentrations of apical NAA, but that even 10 mM NAA may not inhibit buds longer than 5 mm (data not shown).Therefore, it appears that, with increasing size, buds loose competence to respond to auxin.The molecular basis for this change is unknown.One possibility is that the transition to auxin resistance corresponds to the establishment of auxin synthesis and transport in the developing bud as suggested by Snow (1937).Certainly, auxin levels increase as buds begin to grow (Gocal et al., 1991;Hillman, 1984;Pearce et al., 1995), and bud activity correlates with the presence of active polar auxin transport (Morris and Johnson, 1990;Morris, 1977). Supplying apical NPA prevented inhibition by apical NAA.This supports the conclusion reached by Tamas et al. (1989) that basipetal auxin transport from the apex is required for bud growth inhibition.In addition, our observation that basally supplied auxins failed to inhibit lateral bud outgrowth is in agreement with their ®ndings.However, they also found that supplying basal IAA to bean nodal explants could relieve inhibition by apical IAA, which is contrary to our results using NAA.This may re¯ect a difference in the action of these speci®c auxins (e.g.uptake into cells), or in the responses of the two species to basal auxin.The difference in the effects of basally and apically supplied auxin is not explained by a difference in the quantity of hormone reaching the bud.By the addition of dyes, we have established that there is signi®cant bulk ¯ow of solutes from the basal media block to the cauline leaf and later to the growing bud in the transpiration stream (data not shown).However, dye supplied in the apical media block did not appear in the leaf or bud.In addition, Lim and Tamas (1989) used 14 C-IAA to show that the quantity of IAA transported to the bud from the cut apical surface of explants did not exceed that reaching the bud from the basal end.We were able to con®rm this result for Arabidopsis explants using 14 C-IAA in our own assay (data not shown).
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Gocal et al., 1991 source
The Discussion reports a fivefold increase in IAA in the larger axillary bud within four hours of decapitation. It says this increase was closely associated with the bud’s release from arrested development and subsequent growth. Gocal et al. is cited for the auxin-level clause, not the separate polar-transport clause. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Morris and Johnson, 1990 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Morris, 1977 source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We have found that some of the larger buds (2± 5 mm), which appear unresponsive to 1 mM NAA, can be inhibited by higher concentrations of apical NAA, but that even 10 mM NAA may not inhibit buds longer than 5 mm (data not shown).”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Auxin and bud outgrowth Our data show a direct relationship between the concentration of apical auxin and the duration of the inhibition of bud outgrowth (Figure 3).Other workers have found that increasing the concentration of auxin applied to the cut stump of decapitated plants (Thimann, 1937;Went, 1939), or to the apical end of explants (Tamas et al., 1989), decreases the ®nal length of lateral buds.Wickson and Thimann (1958) observed that buds on nodal sections of Pisum sativum immersed in nutrient solutions were inhibited for approximately the same period over a range of IAA concentrations.The buds would `breakaway' after 5 days, but their subsequent growth was slower at higher IAA concentrations.In contrast, we have found that, when apical NAA is applied, the time to breakaway increases as the concentration is raised from 0.1 to 10 mM, often with little difference in the subsequent rate of outgrowth (Figure 3b).The mechanism behind this concentrationdependent timing of breakaway is unclear.A decline in the sensitivity of some auxin-responsive tissues may occur, or the ability of the nodal sections to take up and/or transport auxin may diminish with time and the build-up of callus at the cut stump.Perhaps a substance accumulates that counteracts inhibition by auxin.For instance, cells at the base of the nodal sections that have begun to differentiate into root tissue may begin to synthesize and release cytokinins.We have established that there is no signi®cant decrease in the potency of the NAA in the split plates during the course of the experiment.Plates used in the assay for 8 days were replenished with fresh nodal sections and were found to inhibit bud outgrowth for as long as fresh plates (data not shown). The assay has also revealed a trend for decreasing sensitivity to inhibition by apical auxin as lateral bud size increases.We have found that some of the larger buds (2± 5 mm), which appear unresponsive to 1 mM NAA, can be inhibited by higher concentrations of apical NAA, but that even 10 mM NAA may not inhibit buds longer than 5 mm (data not shown).Therefore, it appears that, with increasing size, buds loose competence to respond to auxin.The molecular basis for this change is unknown.One possibility is that the transition to auxin resistance corresponds to the establishment of auxin synthesis and transport in the developing bud as suggested by Snow (1937).Certainly, auxin levels increase as buds begin to grow (Gocal et al., 1991;Hillman, 1984;Pearce et al., 1995), and bud activity correlates with the presence of active polar auxin transport (Morris and Johnson, 1990;Morris, 1977). Supplying apical NPA prevented inhibition by apical NAA.This supports the conclusion reached by Tamas et al. (1989) that basipetal auxin transport from the apex is required for bud growth inhibition.In addition, our observation that basally supplied auxins failed to inhibit lateral bud outgrowth is in agreement with their ®ndings.However, they also found that supplying basal IAA to bean nodal explants could relieve inhibition by apical IAA, which is contrary to our results using NAA.This may re¯ect a difference in the action of these speci®c auxins (e.g.uptake into cells), or in the responses of the two species to basal auxin.The difference in the effects of basally and apically supplied auxin is not explained by a difference in the quantity of hormone reaching the bud.By the addition of dyes, we have established that there is signi®cant bulk ¯ow of solutes from the basal media block to the cauline leaf and later to the growing bud in the transpiration stream (data not shown).However, dye supplied in the apical media block did not appear in the leaf or bud.In addition, Lim and Tamas (1989) used 14 C-IAA to show that the quantity of IAA transported to the bud from the cut apical surface of explants did not exceed that reaching the bud from the basal end.We were able to con®rm this result for Arabidopsis explants using 14 C-IAA in our own assay (data not shown).
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When the orientation of the hormones was reversed, i.e.NAA basally and BA apically, the mean rate of lateral outgrowth was the same as the controls for the ®rst 120 h, after which the buds from this treatment tended to die.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > The effect of cytokinin
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Basal 1 mM BA caused a slight increase in the rate of lateral growth, such that buds were on average one-third longer than controls after 72 h.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > The effect of cytokinin
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When abi1-1 was tested, it was found that the buds were completely insensitive to ABA in any orientation and auxin inhibition was unaffected (Figure 5d).”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > The effect of ethylene and ABA on auxin-mediated inhibition
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The abi1-1 and abi2-1 mutants are ABA-insensitive.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In fact, inhibition by apical 1 mM NAA was more prolonged when combined with either AVG or etr1 in the assay (24 h longer, on average, with AVG and 5±6 days longer with etr1).”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > The effect of ethylene and ABA on auxin-mediated inhibition
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The etr1 mutant is ethylene-insensitive.
- Rests on an assumption: AVG inhibits ethylene biosynthesis.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Concentrations of apical NAA higher than 1 mM prolonged the period of inhibition, with 10 mM inhibiting most buds for at least 7 days and many for the duration of the experiment: 10±14 days (Figure 3b).”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Growth of excised buds
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Buds larger than 1.5 mm at excision of the nodal section were increasingly less likely to be inhibited by 1 mM NAA for any period, and most lateral buds greater than 3 mm in length grew out at rates not signi®cantly different from control buds.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Growth of excised buds
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, when apical 2,4-D was used, the buds were completely inhibited for 2± 10 days and when growth began it proceeded at a greatly reduced rate.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Growth of excised buds
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It was found that Landsberg erecta appeared generally more sensitive to ABA than Columbia.In Landsberg, the rate of bud outgrowth was dramatically reduced (and to approximately the same degree) by 3 mM ABA in any orientation”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > The effect of ethylene and ABA on auxin-mediated inhibition
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When the polar transport inhibitor 1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) was supplied apically (1 mM), inhibition by 1 mM apical NAA was partially relieved (Figure 4b).”
- Also stated in: § Auxin and bud outgrowth Our data show a direct relationship between the concentration of apical auxin and the duration of the inhibition of bud outgrowth (Figure 3).Other workers have found that increasing the concentration of auxin applied to the cut stump of decapitated plants (Thimann, 1937;Went, 1939), or to the apical end of explants (Tamas et al., 1989), decreases the ®nal length of lateral buds.Wickson and Thimann (1958) observed that buds on nodal sections of Pisum sativum immersed in nutrient solutions were inhibited for approximately the same period over a range of IAA concentrations.The buds would `breakaway' after 5 days, but their subsequent growth was slower at higher IAA concentrations.In contrast, we have found that, when apical NAA is applied, the time to breakaway increases as the concentration is raised from 0.1 to 10 mM, often with little difference in the subsequent rate of outgrowth (Figure 3b).The mechanism behind this concentrationdependent timing of breakaway is unclear.A decline in the sensitivity of some auxin-responsive tissues may occur, or the ability of the nodal sections to take up and/or transport auxin may diminish with time and the build-up of callus at the cut stump.Perhaps a substance accumulates that counteracts inhibition by auxin.For instance, cells at the base of the nodal sections that have begun to differentiate into root tissue may begin to synthesize and release cytokinins.We have established that there is no signi®cant decrease in the potency of the NAA in the split plates during the course of the experiment.Plates used in the assay for 8 days were replenished with fresh nodal sections and were found to inhibit bud outgrowth for as long as fresh plates (data not shown). The assay has also revealed a trend for decreasing sensitivity to inhibition by apical auxin as lateral bud size increases.We have found that some of the larger buds (2± 5 mm), which appear unresponsive to 1 mM NAA, can be inhibited by higher concentrations of apical NAA, but that even 10 mM NAA may not inhibit buds longer than 5 mm (data not shown).Therefore, it appears that, with increasing size, buds loose competence to respond to auxin.The molecular basis for this change is unknown.One possibility is that the transition to auxin resistance corresponds to the establishment of auxin synthesis and transport in the developing bud as suggested by Snow (1937).Certainly, auxin levels increase as buds begin to grow (Gocal et al., 1991;Hillman, 1984;Pearce et al., 1995), and bud activity correlates with the presence of active polar auxin transport (Morris and Johnson, 1990;Morris, 1977). Supplying apical NPA prevented inhibition by apical NAA.This supports the conclusion reached by Tamas et al. (1989) that basipetal auxin transport from the apex is required for bud growth inhibition.In addition, our observation that basally supplied auxins failed to inhibit lateral bud outgrowth is in agreement with their ®ndings.However, they also found that supplying basal IAA to bean nodal explants could relieve inhibition by apical IAA, which is contrary to our results using NAA.This may re¯ect a difference in the action of these speci®c auxins (e.g.uptake into cells), or in the responses of the two species to basal auxin.The difference in the effects of basally and apically supplied auxin is not explained by a difference in the quantity of hormone reaching the bud.By the addition of dyes, we have established that there is signi®cant bulk ¯ow of solutes from the basal media block to the cauline leaf and later to the growing bud in the transpiration stream (data not shown).However, dye supplied in the apical media block did not appear in the leaf or bud.In addition, Lim and Tamas (1989) used 14 C-IAA to show that the quantity of IAA transported to the bud from the cut apical surface of explants did not exceed that reaching the bud from the basal end.We were able to con®rm this result for Arabidopsis explants using 14 C-IAA in our own assay (data not shown). · plain
“Supplying apical NPA prevented inhibition by apical NAA.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > The effect of NPA on auxin-mediated inhibition
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Auxin and bud outgrowth Our data show a direct relationship between the concentration of apical auxin and the duration of the inhibition of bud outgrowth (Figure 3).Other workers have found that increasing the concentration of auxin applied to the cut stump of decapitated plants (Thimann, 1937;Went, 1939), or to the apical end of explants (Tamas et al., 1989), decreases the ®nal length of lateral buds.Wickson and Thimann (1958) observed that buds on nodal sections of Pisum sativum immersed in nutrient solutions were inhibited for approximately the same period over a range of IAA concentrations.The buds would `breakaway' after 5 days, but their subsequent growth was slower at higher IAA concentrations.In contrast, we have found that, when apical NAA is applied, the time to breakaway increases as the concentration is raised from 0.1 to 10 mM, often with little difference in the subsequent rate of outgrowth (Figure 3b).The mechanism behind this concentrationdependent timing of breakaway is unclear.A decline in the sensitivity of some auxin-responsive tissues may occur, or the ability of the nodal sections to take up and/or transport auxin may diminish with time and the build-up of callus at the cut stump.Perhaps a substance accumulates that counteracts inhibition by auxin.For instance, cells at the base of the nodal sections that have begun to differentiate into root tissue may begin to synthesize and release cytokinins.We have established that there is no signi®cant decrease in the potency of the NAA in the split plates during the course of the experiment.Plates used in the assay for 8 days were replenished with fresh nodal sections and were found to inhibit bud outgrowth for as long as fresh plates (data not shown). The assay has also revealed a trend for decreasing sensitivity to inhibition by apical auxin as lateral bud size increases.We have found that some of the larger buds (2± 5 mm), which appear unresponsive to 1 mM NAA, can be inhibited by higher concentrations of apical NAA, but that even 10 mM NAA may not inhibit buds longer than 5 mm (data not shown).Therefore, it appears that, with increasing size, buds loose competence to respond to auxin.The molecular basis for this change is unknown.One possibility is that the transition to auxin resistance corresponds to the establishment of auxin synthesis and transport in the developing bud as suggested by Snow (1937).Certainly, auxin levels increase as buds begin to grow (Gocal et al., 1991;Hillman, 1984;Pearce et al., 1995), and bud activity correlates with the presence of active polar auxin transport (Morris and Johnson, 1990;Morris, 1977). Supplying apical NPA prevented inhibition by apical NAA.This supports the conclusion reached by Tamas et al. (1989) that basipetal auxin transport from the apex is required for bud growth inhibition.In addition, our observation that basally supplied auxins failed to inhibit lateral bud outgrowth is in agreement with their ®ndings.However, they also found that supplying basal IAA to bean nodal explants could relieve inhibition by apical IAA, which is contrary to our results using NAA.This may re¯ect a difference in the action of these speci®c auxins (e.g.uptake into cells), or in the responses of the two species to basal auxin.The difference in the effects of basally and apically supplied auxin is not explained by a difference in the quantity of hormone reaching the bud.By the addition of dyes, we have established that there is signi®cant bulk ¯ow of solutes from the basal media block to the cauline leaf and later to the growing bud in the transpiration stream (data not shown).However, dye supplied in the apical media block did not appear in the leaf or bud.In addition, Lim and Tamas (1989) used 14 C-IAA to show that the quantity of IAA transported to the bud from the cut apical surface of explants did not exceed that reaching the bud from the basal end.We were able to con®rm this result for Arabidopsis explants using 14 C-IAA in our own assay (data not shown). · plain
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In the paper
“Basal and apical 3 mM ABA did not affect the rate of bud outgrowth signi®cantly, but, when supplied in both media blocks, a slight reduction in growth rate was observed.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > The effect of ethylene and ABA on auxin-mediated inhibition
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In the paper
“The rate of lateral outgrowth in the etr1 mutant was slower than in wild-type, and 5 mM AVG, supplied in both media blocks, also reduced the rate of bud growth substantially.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > The effect of ethylene and ABA on auxin-mediated inhibition
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The etr1 mutant is ethylene-insensitive.
- Rests on an assumption: AVG inhibits ethylene biosynthesis.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Apical 0.5 mM NAA inhibited the outgrowth of many buds, but usually for a shorter period than 1 mM NAA, and apical 0.1 mM NAA did not affect the rate of bud growth (Figure 3b).”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Growth of excised buds
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In the paper
“Even with the orientation of the nodes reversed, NAA supplied at the inverted apical end was found to inhibit outgrowth, but still had no effect when provided at the basal end (data not shown).”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Growth of excised buds
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In the paper
“Apical cytokinin and cytokinin applied to both sides had little effect.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > The effect of cytokinin
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In the paper
“IAA at a concentration of 1 mM prevented outgrowth for 2±4 days and was similar in effect to 0.5 mM NAA.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Growth of excised buds
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“The most prevalent natural auxin, IAA, and the synthetic auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) supplied apically were also able to inhibit bud outgrowth (Figure 3c).Apical IAA was found to be a less potent inhibitor than NAA.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Growth of excised buds
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In the paper
“In contrast, we have found that, when apical NAA is applied, the time to breakaway increases as the concentration is raised from 0.1 to 10 mM, often with little difference in the subsequent rate of outgrowth (Figure 3b).”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Auxin and bud outgrowth Our data show a direct relationship between the concentration of apical auxin and the duration of the inhibition of bud outgrowth (Figure 3).Other workers have found that increasing the concentration of auxin applied to the cut stump of decapitated plants (Thimann, 1937;Went, 1939), or to the apical end of explants (Tamas et al., 1989), decreases the ®nal length of lateral buds.Wickson and Thimann (1958) observed that buds on nodal sections of Pisum sativum immersed in nutrient solutions were inhibited for approximately the same period over a range of IAA concentrations.The buds would `breakaway' after 5 days, but their subsequent growth was slower at higher IAA concentrations.In contrast, we have found that, when apical NAA is applied, the time to breakaway increases as the concentration is raised from 0.1 to 10 mM, often with little difference in the subsequent rate of outgrowth (Figure 3b).The mechanism behind this concentrationdependent timing of breakaway is unclear.A decline in the sensitivity of some auxin-responsive tissues may occur, or the ability of the nodal sections to take up and/or transport auxin may diminish with time and the build-up of callus at the cut stump.Perhaps a substance accumulates that counteracts inhibition by auxin.For instance, cells at the base of the nodal sections that have begun to differentiate into root tissue may begin to synthesize and release cytokinins.We have established that there is no signi®cant decrease in the potency of the NAA in the split plates during the course of the experiment.Plates used in the assay for 8 days were replenished with fresh nodal sections and were found to inhibit bud outgrowth for as long as fresh plates (data not shown). The assay has also revealed a trend for decreasing sensitivity to inhibition by apical auxin as lateral bud size increases.We have found that some of the larger buds (2± 5 mm), which appear unresponsive to 1 mM NAA, can be inhibited by higher concentrations of apical NAA, but that even 10 mM NAA may not inhibit buds longer than 5 mm (data not shown).Therefore, it appears that, with increasing size, buds loose competence to respond to auxin.The molecular basis for this change is unknown.One possibility is that the transition to auxin resistance corresponds to the establishment of auxin synthesis and transport in the developing bud as suggested by Snow (1937).Certainly, auxin levels increase as buds begin to grow (Gocal et al., 1991;Hillman, 1984;Pearce et al., 1995), and bud activity correlates with the presence of active polar auxin transport (Morris and Johnson, 1990;Morris, 1977). Supplying apical NPA prevented inhibition by apical NAA.This supports the conclusion reached by Tamas et al. (1989) that basipetal auxin transport from the apex is required for bud growth inhibition.In addition, our observation that basally supplied auxins failed to inhibit lateral bud outgrowth is in agreement with their ®ndings.However, they also found that supplying basal IAA to bean nodal explants could relieve inhibition by apical IAA, which is contrary to our results using NAA.This may re¯ect a difference in the action of these speci®c auxins (e.g.uptake into cells), or in the responses of the two species to basal auxin.The difference in the effects of basally and apically supplied auxin is not explained by a difference in the quantity of hormone reaching the bud.By the addition of dyes, we have established that there is signi®cant bulk ¯ow of solutes from the basal media block to the cauline leaf and later to the growing bud in the transpiration stream (data not shown).However, dye supplied in the apical media block did not appear in the leaf or bud.In addition, Lim and Tamas (1989) used 14 C-IAA to show that the quantity of IAA transported to the bud from the cut apical surface of explants did not exceed that reaching the bud from the basal end.We were able to con®rm this result for Arabidopsis explants using 14 C-IAA in our own assay (data not shown).
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In the paper
“Growth of lateral shoots from excised node 1 was slow for the ®rst 24 h (0±1 mm).The growth rate then increased steadily to settle at an average of 7 mm per day between 72 and 144 h (Figure 2).”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Growth of excised buds
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Apical NPA can release auxin inhibition of bud outgrowth, but basal NPA cannot (b).”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Set-up and measurements
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The excised nodal section assay reproduces the hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in intact Arabidopsis plants.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The cytokinin BA, when applied basally, apically or both, had relatively little effect on the outgrowth of the lateral buds in the assay, although a small stimulation of the rate of growth was seen when 1 mM BA was added basally.”
- Also stated in: § Set-up and measurements · hedged
“When supplied alone, BA generally has little effect on the rate of bud outgrowth (a), but when supplied basally or apically with apical NAA, BA can, respectively, release or enhance inhibition of lateral bud outgrowth (b).”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > The role of cytokinin
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Set-up and measurements · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Small buds are more sensitive to apical auxin than large buds, which become essentially unresponsive to the hormone.”
- Also stated in: § Set-up and measurements · plain
“Buds longer than 1.5 mm at excision become unresponsive to inhibition by 1 mM NAA (a).”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The excised nodal section assay reproduces the hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in intact Arabidopsis plants.
- Also stated in: § Set-up and measurements · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Apical ABA can reduce auxinmediated inhibition, whilst basal ABA enhances it.”
- Also stated in: § Set-up and measurements · plain
“When combined with apical 1 mM NAA, the ABA enhances inhibition when supplied basally, reduces it when supplied apically, and has little effect when supplied to both sides (c).”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > The role of abscisic acid
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The hormone concentrations used in the assay (e.g., 1 mM NAA, 3 mM ABA) are within a physiological range and their effects reflect natural hormonal roles.
- Also stated in: § Set-up and measurements · plain
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In the paper
“It was also noted that buds on nodal sections from the Landsberg erecta ecotype grew out more slowly than those of Columbia, and hence the difference between auxin-treated and control buds is reduced.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > The effect of ethylene and ABA on auxin-mediated inhibition
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“The growth curve for lateral buds from node 1 on intact Columbia plants grown in sterile culture, under the same light and temperature regimes, was more linear than for the excised nodes (Figure 2).Initially growth rates were similar, but although the growth rate of lateral shoots on excised nodes accelerated after 72 h, the comparative growth of lateral shoots on intact plants was signi®cantly Sl”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Growth of excised buds
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The assay allows study of the effects of both apical and basal hormone applications on the growth of buds on excised nodal sections.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Abstract Apically derived auxin has long been known to inhibit lateral bud growth, but since it appears not to enter the bud, it has been proposed that its inhibitory effect is mediated by a second messenger.Candidates include the plant hormones ethylene, cytokinin and abscisic acid.We have developed a new assay to study this phenomenon using the model plant Arabidopsis.The assay allows study of the effects of both apical and basal hormone applications on the growth of buds on excised nodal sections.We have shown that apical auxin can inhibit the growth of small buds, but larger buds were found to have lost competence to respond.We have used the assay with nodes from wild-type and hormonesignalling mutants to test the role of ethylene, cytokinin and abscisic acid in bud inhibition by apical auxin.Our data eliminate ethylene as a second messenger for auxin-mediated bud inhibition.Similarly, abscisic acid signalling is not to be required for auxin action, although basally applied abscisic can enhance inhibition by apical auxin and apically applied abscisic acid can reduce it.By contrast, basally applied cytokinin was found to release lateral buds from inhibition by apical auxin, while apically applied cytokinin dramatically increased the duration of inhibition.These results are consistent with cytokinin acting independently to regulate bud growth, rather than as a second messenger for auxin.However, in the absence of cytokinin-signalling mutants, a role for cytokinin as a second messenger for auxin cannot be ruled out.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our data eliminate ethylene as a second messenger for auxin-mediated bud inhibition.”
- Also stated in: § The effect of ethylene and ABA on auxin-mediated inhibition · plain
“Hence ethylene biosynthesis and ethylene action do not mediate auxin inhibition of lateral bud growth.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Abstract Apically derived auxin has long been known to inhibit lateral bud growth, but since it appears not to enter the bud, it has been proposed that its inhibitory effect is mediated by a second messenger.Candidates include the plant hormones ethylene, cytokinin and abscisic acid.We have developed a new assay to study this phenomenon using the model plant Arabidopsis.The assay allows study of the effects of both apical and basal hormone applications on the growth of buds on excised nodal sections.We have shown that apical auxin can inhibit the growth of small buds, but larger buds were found to have lost competence to respond.We have used the assay with nodes from wild-type and hormonesignalling mutants to test the role of ethylene, cytokinin and abscisic acid in bud inhibition by apical auxin.Our data eliminate ethylene as a second messenger for auxin-mediated bud inhibition.Similarly, abscisic acid signalling is not to be required for auxin action, although basally applied abscisic can enhance inhibition by apical auxin and apically applied abscisic acid can reduce it.By contrast, basally applied cytokinin was found to release lateral buds from inhibition by apical auxin, while apically applied cytokinin dramatically increased the duration of inhibition.These results are consistent with cytokinin acting independently to regulate bud growth, rather than as a second messenger for auxin.However, in the absence of cytokinin-signalling mutants, a role for cytokinin as a second messenger for auxin cannot be ruled out.
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The etr1 mutant is ethylene-insensitive.
- Rests on an assumption: AVG inhibits ethylene biosynthesis.
- Also stated in: § The effect of ethylene and ABA on auxin-mediated inhibition · plain
In the paper
“The export of cytokinins from roots has been shown to be in¯uenced by apical auxin, and this has led to the hypothesis that inhibition by apical auxin is mediated wholly or partly by its in¯uence on cytokinin export from the roots (Bangerth, 1994).”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > The role of cytokinin
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bangerth, 1994 source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Wickson and Thimann (1958) observed that buds on nodal sections of Pisum sativum immersed in nutrient solutions were inhibited for approximately the same period over a range of IAA concentrations.The buds would `breakaway' after 5 days, but their subsequent growth was slower at higher IAA concentrations.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Auxin and bud outgrowth Our data show a direct relationship between the concentration of apical auxin and the duration of the inhibition of bud outgrowth (Figure 3).Other workers have found that increasing the concentration of auxin applied to the cut stump of decapitated plants (Thimann, 1937;Went, 1939), or to the apical end of explants (Tamas et al., 1989), decreases the ®nal length of lateral buds.Wickson and Thimann (1958) observed that buds on nodal sections of Pisum sativum immersed in nutrient solutions were inhibited for approximately the same period over a range of IAA concentrations.The buds would `breakaway' after 5 days, but their subsequent growth was slower at higher IAA concentrations.In contrast, we have found that, when apical NAA is applied, the time to breakaway increases as the concentration is raised from 0.1 to 10 mM, often with little difference in the subsequent rate of outgrowth (Figure 3b).The mechanism behind this concentrationdependent timing of breakaway is unclear.A decline in the sensitivity of some auxin-responsive tissues may occur, or the ability of the nodal sections to take up and/or transport auxin may diminish with time and the build-up of callus at the cut stump.Perhaps a substance accumulates that counteracts inhibition by auxin.For instance, cells at the base of the nodal sections that have begun to differentiate into root tissue may begin to synthesize and release cytokinins.We have established that there is no signi®cant decrease in the potency of the NAA in the split plates during the course of the experiment.Plates used in the assay for 8 days were replenished with fresh nodal sections and were found to inhibit bud outgrowth for as long as fresh plates (data not shown). The assay has also revealed a trend for decreasing sensitivity to inhibition by apical auxin as lateral bud size increases.We have found that some of the larger buds (2± 5 mm), which appear unresponsive to 1 mM NAA, can be inhibited by higher concentrations of apical NAA, but that even 10 mM NAA may not inhibit buds longer than 5 mm (data not shown).Therefore, it appears that, with increasing size, buds loose competence to respond to auxin.The molecular basis for this change is unknown.One possibility is that the transition to auxin resistance corresponds to the establishment of auxin synthesis and transport in the developing bud as suggested by Snow (1937).Certainly, auxin levels increase as buds begin to grow (Gocal et al., 1991;Hillman, 1984;Pearce et al., 1995), and bud activity correlates with the presence of active polar auxin transport (Morris and Johnson, 1990;Morris, 1977). Supplying apical NPA prevented inhibition by apical NAA.This supports the conclusion reached by Tamas et al. (1989) that basipetal auxin transport from the apex is required for bud growth inhibition.In addition, our observation that basally supplied auxins failed to inhibit lateral bud outgrowth is in agreement with their ®ndings.However, they also found that supplying basal IAA to bean nodal explants could relieve inhibition by apical IAA, which is contrary to our results using NAA.This may re¯ect a difference in the action of these speci®c auxins (e.g.uptake into cells), or in the responses of the two species to basal auxin.The difference in the effects of basally and apically supplied auxin is not explained by a difference in the quantity of hormone reaching the bud.By the addition of dyes, we have established that there is signi®cant bulk ¯ow of solutes from the basal media block to the cauline leaf and later to the growing bud in the transpiration stream (data not shown).However, dye supplied in the apical media block did not appear in the leaf or bud.In addition, Lim and Tamas (1989) used 14 C-IAA to show that the quantity of IAA transported to the bud from the cut apical surface of explants did not exceed that reaching the bud from the basal end.We were able to con®rm this result for Arabidopsis explants using 14 C-IAA in our own assay (data not shown).
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wickson and Thimann (1958) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The assay we have developed allows various combinations of plant hormones and/or phytotropins and/or metabolic inhibitors to be supplied to each side of the node separately.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Other workers have found that increasing the concentration of auxin applied to the cut stump of decapitated plants (Thimann, 1937;Went, 1939), or to the apical end of explants (Tamas et al., 1989), decreases the ®nal length of lateral buds.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Auxin and bud outgrowth Our data show a direct relationship between the concentration of apical auxin and the duration of the inhibition of bud outgrowth (Figure 3).Other workers have found that increasing the concentration of auxin applied to the cut stump of decapitated plants (Thimann, 1937;Went, 1939), or to the apical end of explants (Tamas et al., 1989), decreases the ®nal length of lateral buds.Wickson and Thimann (1958) observed that buds on nodal sections of Pisum sativum immersed in nutrient solutions were inhibited for approximately the same period over a range of IAA concentrations.The buds would `breakaway' after 5 days, but their subsequent growth was slower at higher IAA concentrations.In contrast, we have found that, when apical NAA is applied, the time to breakaway increases as the concentration is raised from 0.1 to 10 mM, often with little difference in the subsequent rate of outgrowth (Figure 3b).The mechanism behind this concentrationdependent timing of breakaway is unclear.A decline in the sensitivity of some auxin-responsive tissues may occur, or the ability of the nodal sections to take up and/or transport auxin may diminish with time and the build-up of callus at the cut stump.Perhaps a substance accumulates that counteracts inhibition by auxin.For instance, cells at the base of the nodal sections that have begun to differentiate into root tissue may begin to synthesize and release cytokinins.We have established that there is no signi®cant decrease in the potency of the NAA in the split plates during the course of the experiment.Plates used in the assay for 8 days were replenished with fresh nodal sections and were found to inhibit bud outgrowth for as long as fresh plates (data not shown). The assay has also revealed a trend for decreasing sensitivity to inhibition by apical auxin as lateral bud size increases.We have found that some of the larger buds (2± 5 mm), which appear unresponsive to 1 mM NAA, can be inhibited by higher concentrations of apical NAA, but that even 10 mM NAA may not inhibit buds longer than 5 mm (data not shown).Therefore, it appears that, with increasing size, buds loose competence to respond to auxin.The molecular basis for this change is unknown.One possibility is that the transition to auxin resistance corresponds to the establishment of auxin synthesis and transport in the developing bud as suggested by Snow (1937).Certainly, auxin levels increase as buds begin to grow (Gocal et al., 1991;Hillman, 1984;Pearce et al., 1995), and bud activity correlates with the presence of active polar auxin transport (Morris and Johnson, 1990;Morris, 1977). Supplying apical NPA prevented inhibition by apical NAA.This supports the conclusion reached by Tamas et al. (1989) that basipetal auxin transport from the apex is required for bud growth inhibition.In addition, our observation that basally supplied auxins failed to inhibit lateral bud outgrowth is in agreement with their ®ndings.However, they also found that supplying basal IAA to bean nodal explants could relieve inhibition by apical IAA, which is contrary to our results using NAA.This may re¯ect a difference in the action of these speci®c auxins (e.g.uptake into cells), or in the responses of the two species to basal auxin.The difference in the effects of basally and apically supplied auxin is not explained by a difference in the quantity of hormone reaching the bud.By the addition of dyes, we have established that there is signi®cant bulk ¯ow of solutes from the basal media block to the cauline leaf and later to the growing bud in the transpiration stream (data not shown).However, dye supplied in the apical media block did not appear in the leaf or bud.In addition, Lim and Tamas (1989) used 14 C-IAA to show that the quantity of IAA transported to the bud from the cut apical surface of explants did not exceed that reaching the bud from the basal end.We were able to con®rm this result for Arabidopsis explants using 14 C-IAA in our own assay (data not shown).
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Kinetin has also been found to enhance the movement of 32 P and 14 C-sucrose towards the cut stump to which IAA has been applied (Seth and Wareing, 1964).”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > The role of cytokinin
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Seth and Wareing, 1964 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In plants, the roots are believed to be the major site of cytokinin synthesis (Chen et al., 1985), and to export these substances to the shoot via the xylem.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > The role of cytokinin
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Chen et al., 1985 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Further evidence for a role for ABA in regulating bud growth comes from analysis of the era1 mutant of Arabidopsis which has an enhanced response to ABA and reduced branching (Pei et al., 1998).”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > The role of abscisic acid
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pei et al., 1998 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Individuals were excluded from the data set if the growing bud had touched the medium, if the cut end of the internode had been pushed out of the medium by elongation of the stem, if condensation may have bridged the gap between the two media blocks, or where microbial contamination was visible on the plate.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Set-up and measurements
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All of the data displayed in this paper represent the growth responses of lateral buds from node 1.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Excising the nodes
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This trough was checked carefully for any bridges between the two media blocks and dried in the laminar ¯ow hood, parallel to the air¯ow, for a further 30 min.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Split plate production
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Cytokinins have been shown to stimulate bud outgrowth when applied to the lateral buds of plants with an intact apex, or to decapitated plants to which inhibitory concentrations of apical auxin were applied (Mok, 1994).”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > The role of cytokinin
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mok, 1994
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The plates were then left at 4°C for at least 72 h to allow the hormone to diffuse evenly throughout the media.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Split plate production
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
The etr1 mutant is ethylene-insensitive.
“the ethylene-insensitive mutant etr1”
The paper relies on this without support.
The abi1-1 and abi2-1 mutants are ABA-insensitive.
“the ABA-insensitive mutants abi1-1 and abi2-1”
The paper relies on this without support.
AVG inhibits ethylene biosynthesis.
“the ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor, aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG)”
The paper relies on this without support.
The etr1, abi1, and abi2 mutants used are specific and effective in blocking ethylene action and ABA signalling, respectively, in the assayed buds.
“Our own data, from experiments with AVG and the etr1 mutant, demonstrate that ethylene biosynthesis and ethylene action, respectively, are not required for inhibition of bud outgrowth by apical auxin.”
“Buds from the ABA-insensitive mutants abi1 and abi2 have a wild-type response to apical NAA in the assay.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The excised nodal section assay reproduces the hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in intact Arabidopsis plants.
“The assay that we have developed, combined with the wide range of Arabidopsis mutants available, is proving a valuable method for investigating the roles of different hormones in the inhibition and outgrowth of lateral buds in Arabidopsis.”
“A comparison of the rates of lateral bud outgrowth from the lowest node of intact Arabidopsis plants (Columbia ecotype) and from the same node on excised untreated sections.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The hormone concentrations used in the assay (e.g., 1 mM NAA, 3 mM ABA) are within a physiological range and their effects reflect natural hormonal roles.
“However, it is also possible that one or more of the observed responses to ABA may be non-physiological, due perhaps to the concentration of the mixed isomers used and/or contact with ectopic tissues.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
NPA is described as both partly and fully reversing inhibition
MinorThe results say apical NPA only partially relieved inhibition by apical NAA, whereas the discussion says it prevented that inhibition.
“When the polar transport inhibitor 1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) was supplied apically (1 mM), inhibition by 1 mM apical NAA was partially relieved (Figure 4b).”
“Supplying apical NPA prevented inhibition by apical NAA.”
Citations
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Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 281
Zhang, Z., Yang, G., Arana, F., Chen, Z., Li, Y., & Xia, H. (2007) · PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · doi:10.1104/pp.106.092163 · Cited by 56
“Physiological studies indicate that indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) acts as a repressor of axillary bud growth, whereas cytokinins promote it (Cline, 1997; Napoli et al., 1999; Chatfield et al., 2000).”
BackgroundConditional Auxin Response and Differential Cytokinin Profiles in Shoot Branching Mutants
Young, N. F., Ferguson, B. J., Antoniadi, I., Bennett, M. H., Beveridge, C. A., & Turnbull, C. G. N. (2014) · PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · doi:10.1104/pp.114.239996 · Cited by 58
“…responses when applied to the cut surface of a decapitated shoot, whereas CKs promote branching when applied directly to buds or supplied via the xylem stream (Sachs and Thimann, 1967; Turnbull et al., 1997; Dun et al., 2012), and can override the effect of applied auxin (Chatfield et al., 2000).”
BackgroundPhotosynthetic photon flux density and phytochrome B interact to regulate branching in Arabidopsis
Su, H., Abernathy, S. D., White, R. H., & Finlayson, S. A. (2011) · Plant Cell & Environment · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02393.x · Cited by 56
“However, several studies using exogenous ABA (Chatfield et al. 2000; Cline et al. 2001) or excised nodes (Arend et al. 2009) have implied a role for ABA in restricting bud outgrowth in Arabidopsis and Poplar.”
BackgroundSelective Inhibition of Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenases
Sergeant, M. J., Li, J., Fox, C., Brookbank, N., Rea, D., Bugg, T. D. H., & Thompson, A. J. (2008) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m805453200 · Cited by 55
Holalu, S. V., Reddy, S. K., Blackman, B. K., & Finlayson, S. A. (2020) · Plant Cell & Environment · doi:10.1111/pce.13824 · Cited by 53
Abdelgadir, H. A., Johnson, S. D., & Staden, J. V. (2009) · Plant Growth Regulation · doi:10.1007/s10725-009-9377-9 · Cited by 49
“Exogenous application of Ck to buds promotes their outgrowth (Miguel et al. 1998; Chatfield et al. 2000), and Ck levels increase in buds as they activate (Emery et al. 1998).”
BackgroundEl‐Showk, S., Help, H., Blomster, T., Riccardo, S., Marée, A. F. M., Mähönen, A. P., & Grieneisen, V. A. (2015) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004450 · Cited by 49
“Auxin and cytokinins have long been known to interact antagonistically in a wide range of processes in plants [6–8], such as meristem maintenance in the shoot [9] and root [10], control of axillary branching [11, 12], and lateral root initiation [13].”
BackgroundLong-Term Inhibition by Auxin of Leaf Blade Expansion in Bean and Arabidopsis
Keller, C. P., Stahlberg, R., Barkawi, L. S., & Cohen, J. D. (2004) · PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · doi:10.1104/pp.103.032300 · Cited by 46
“Transported basipetally, auxin has a controlling role in diverse aspects of plant development, including apical dominance (Chatfield et al., 2000), leaf abscission (Morgan, 1984), stem elongation (Sánchez-Bravo et al., 1992), tropisms (Jensen et al.,”
BackgroundStrigolactones and Cytokinin Interaction in Buds in the Control of Rice Tillering
Zha, M., Zhao, Y., Wang, Y., Chen, B., & Tan, Z. (2022) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.837136 · Cited by 46
Unlocking the Multifaceted Mechanisms of Bud Outgrowth: Advances in Understanding Shoot Branching
Yuan, Y., Khourchi, S., Li, S., Du, Y., & Delaplace, P. (2023) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants12203628 · Cited by 44
Forbidden Fruit: Dominance Relationships and the Control of Shoot Architecture
Walker, C. H., & Bennett, T. (2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119312994.apr0640 · Cited by 43
“CK treatment promotes outgrowth of buds in both excised nodal segments and whole plants (Wickson & Thimann, 1958; Sachs & Thimann, 1965; Chatfield et al, 2000), while CK synthesis and signalling mutants fail to increase their branching in high N conditions (Muller et al, 2015).”
BackgroundHamiaux, C., Drummond, R., Luo, Z., Lee, H. W., Sharma, P., Janssen, B. J., Perry, N. B., Denny, W. A., & Snowden, K. C. (2018) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.ra117.001154 · Cited by 41
“This result may not be unexpected, however, given the plant treatments (decapitation versus excision of stem segments) both stimulate branch growth through complex mechanisms that probably involvemultiple hormone signaling pathways (10, 12).”
Agro-Techniques for Lodging Stress Management in Maize-Soybean Intercropping System—A Review
Raza, A., Asghar, M. A., Ahmad, B., et al. (2020) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants9111592 · Cited by 41
Solymosi, K., Bóka, K., & Böddi, B. (2006) · Tree Physiology · doi:10.1093/treephys/26.8.1087 · Cited by 41
Chen, C., Zou, J., Zhang, S., Zaitlin, D., & Zhu, L. (2009) · Science in China Series C Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11427-009-0104-6 · Cited by 39
Souza, B. M., Kraus, J. E., Endres, L., & Mercier, H. (2003) · Plant Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0981-9428(03)00112-8 · Cited by 38
Effects of Light Quality on Micropropagation of Woody Species
Morini, S., & Muleo, R. (2003) · Forestry sciences · doi:10.1007/978-94-010-0125-0_1 · Cited by 37
Wu, Z., Wu, J., Tao, Z., Pan, X., Yu, W., & Huang, H. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Botany · doi:10.1093/jxb/erz552 · Cited by 38
Tobacco bZIP factor TGA10 is a novel member of the TGA family of transcription factors
Schiermeyer, A., Thurow, C., & Gatz, C. (2003) · Plant Molecular Biology · doi:10.1023/a:1023093101976 · Cited by 37
“This indicates that the hormone balance (Chatfield et al., 2000, and references therein) is somehow disturbed in these plants, a phenomenon never observed in TGA2.”
BackgroundMuleo, R., & Morini, S. (2006) · Scientia Horticulturae · doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2006.02.014 · Cited by 37
Li, G., Tan, M., Cheng, F., Liu, X., Qi, S., Chen, H., Zhang, D., Zhao, C., Han, M., & Ma, J. (2018) · Plant Molecular Biology · doi:10.1007/s11103-018-0781-2 · Cited by 38
ZmCCD7/ZpCCD7 encodes a carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase mediating shoot branching
Pan, X., Zheng, H., Zhao, J., Xu, Y.-J., & Li, X. (2016) · Planta · doi:10.1007/s00425-016-2479-5 · Cited by 36
Faivre‐Rampant, O. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Botany · doi:10.1093/jxb/erh082 · Cited by 35
“In additional experiments, the growth of buds in excised sprout segments was determined over a 72 h period as described by Chat®eld et al. (2000).”
MethodPhysiological controls of chrysanthemum DgD27 gene expression in regulation of shoot branching
Wen, C., Zhao, Q., Nie, J., Liu, G., Shen, L., Cheng, C., Xi, L., Ma, N., & Zhao, L. (2016) · Plant Cell Reports · doi:10.1007/s00299-016-1938-6 · Cited by 34
Key auxin response factor (ARF) genes constraining wheat tillering of mutant dmc
Li, J., Jiang, Y., Zhang, J., Ni, Y., Jiao, Z., Li, H., Wang, T., Zhang, P., Guo, W., Li, L., et al. (2021) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.12221 · Cited by 34
Physiological characterization of auxinic herbicide-resistant biotypes of kochia (Kochia scoparia)
Goss, G. A., & Dyer, W. E. (2003) · Weed Science · doi:10.1614/p2002-164 · Cited by 34
Dierck, R., Dhooghe, E., Huylenbroeck, J. V., Riek, J. D., Keyser, E. D., & Straeten, D. V. D. (2016) · Acta Physiologiae Plantarum · doi:10.1007/s11738-016-2292-6 · Cited by 32
“These results were also consistent with alleviation of NAA inhibition of axillary bud outgrowth by NPA in Arabidopsis (Chatfield et al. 2000).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialNAA Restores Apical Dominance in the axr3-1 Mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana
Cline, M. (2001) · Annals of Botany · doi:10.1006/anbo.2000.1298 · Cited by 31
Non‐dormant Axillary Bud 1 regulates axillary bud outgrowth in sorghum
Chen, J., Zhang, L., Zhu, M., Han, L., Lv, Y., Liu, Y., Li, P., Jing, H., & Cai, H. (2018) · Journal of Integrative Plant Biology · doi:10.1111/jipb.12665 · Cited by 34
Yuan, C., Ahmad, S., Cheng, T., Wang, J., Pan, H., Zhao, L., & Zhang, Q. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19061590 · Cited by 34
“It has been proposed that exogenous application of ABA causes side bud inhibition in may plants [39,40], while fluridone, an ABA inhibitor, promotes branching in Rosa hybrida L.”
BackgroundStirnberg, P., Liu, J., Ward, S. P., Kendall, S. L., & Leyser, O. (2012) · BMC Plant Biology · doi:10.1186/1471-2229-12-160 · Cited by 30
“The outgrowth of wildtype buds is strongly delayed by apical supply of the synthetic auxin naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), but max2-1 axillary buds are resistant to this auxin effect [55,59,60] (Figure 3a).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationWhen the BRANCHED network bears fruit: how carpic dominance causes fruit dimorphism in Aethionema
Lenser, T., Tarkowská, D., Novák, O., Wilhelmsson, P. K. I., Bennett, T., Rensing, S. A., Strnad, M., & Theißen, G. (2018) · The Plant Journal · doi:10.1111/tpj.13861 · Cited by 27
“…abscisic acid (ABA) occurs in high concentrations in both buds and fruits undergoing inhibition and may contribute to the inhibition of growth in both systems (Bangerth, 1989; Gocal et al., 1991; Emery et al., 1998; Chatfield et al., 2000; Ruttink et al., 2007; Gonz alez-Grand ıo et al., 2013).”
BackgroundXi, L., Wen, C., Fang, S., Chen, X., Nie, J., Chu, J., Yuan, C., Yan, C., Ma, N., & Zhao, L. (2015) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.00694 · Cited by 34
“The same vectors were introduced into protoplasts prepared from mature leaves of 5 week-old Arabidopsis plants using a previously described protocol (Yoo et al., 2007).”
MethodInfluentialRasmussen, H. N., Veierskov, B., Hansen-Møller, J., Nørbæk, R., & Nielsen, U. B. (2009) · Journal of Plant Growth Regulation · doi:10.1007/s00344-009-9084-9 · Cited by 28
Ковалева, Л. В., Zakharova, E. V., Minkina, Y. V., et al. (2005) · Russian Journal of Plant Physiology · doi:10.1007/s11183-005-0077-7 · Cited by 29
Liang, J., Wu, Z., Zheng, J. J., Koskela, E., Fan, L., Fan, G., Gao, D., Dong, Z., Hou, S., Feng, Z., et al. (2022) · The Plant Journal · doi:10.1111/tpj.15759 · Cited by 28
How Strigolactone Shapes Shoot Architecture
Khuvung, K., Gutierrez, F. A. O. S., & Reinhardt, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.889045 · Cited by 27
Zhou, Y., Vroegop-Vos, I. A., Schuurink, R. C., Pieterse, C. M. J., & Wees, S. C. M. V. (2017) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.00700 · Cited by 25
“…5C and Supplementary Figure S3) may be causal for the enhanced stomatal opening phenotype, and although a reduced plant stature has been reported for ABA mutants as well (Chatfield et al., 2000; LeNoble et al., 2004), the growth reduction at low CO 2 is more likely caused by reduced photosynthesis.”
Red:Far-Red Ratio Perception and Shade Avoidance
Franklin, K. A., & Whitelam, G. C. (2007) · Blackwell Publishing Ltd eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470988893.ch9 · Cited by 27
Far-red light-enhanced apical dominance stimulates flower and fruit abortion in sweet pepper
Chen, S., Marcelis, L. F. M., Offringa, R., Kohlen, W., & Heuvelink, E. (2024) · PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · doi:10.1093/plphys/kiae088 · Cited by 26
Using Arabidopsis to Study Shoot Branching in Biomass Willow
Ward, S. P., Salmon, J., Hanley, S. J., Karp, A., & Leyser, O. (2013) · Plant Physiology · doi:10.1104/pp.113.218461 · Cited by 25
“1A), indicating much greater sensitivity to auxin than that typically observed in Arabidopsis, where 1 mM NAA inhibits buds for approximately 4 d (Chatfield et al., 2000).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationOverexpression of millet ZIP-like gene (SiPf40) affects lateral bud outgrowth in tobacco and millet
Liu, Y., Feng, X., Xu, Y., Yu, J., Ao, G., Peng, Z., & Zhao, Q. (2009) · Plant Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2009.08.007 · Cited by 25
“Furthermore, the influence of both auxin and cytokinin was confirmed in isolated Arabidopsis inflorescence nodes [6].”
Arabidopsis SHORT INTEGUMENTS 2 Is a Mitochondrial DAR GTPase
Hill, T. A., Broadhvest, J., Kuzoff, R. K., et al. (2006) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.106.060657 · Cited by 25
“For example, both maintenance of axillary bud dormancy and continuity of vascular tissue are under control of auxin-related path- ways (Hardtke and Berleth 1998; Chatfield et al. 2000).”
BackgroundPlasticity of bud outgrowth varies at cauline and rosette nodes in Arabidopsis thaliana
Fichtner, F., Barbier, F. F., Kerr, S. C., Dudley, C., Cubas, P., Turnbull, C. G. N., Brewer, P. B., & Beveridge, C. A. (2021) · PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · doi:10.1093/plphys/kiab586 · Cited by 25
Muleo, R., & Morini, S. (2008) · Journal of Plant Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2008.01.007 · Cited by 74
Advances in studies on the physiological and molecular regulation of barley tillering
Riaz, A., Alqudah, A. M., Kanwal, F., Pillen, K., Ling-zhen, Y. E., Dai, F., & ZHANG, G.-P. (2022) · Journal of Integrative Agriculture · doi:10.1016/j.jia.2022.08.011 · Cited by 25
Low Red Light:Far Red Light Inhibits Branching by Promoting Auxin Signaling
Holalu, S. V., Reddy, S. K., & Finlayson, S. A. (2020) · Journal of Plant Growth Regulation · doi:10.1007/s00344-020-10253-7 · Cited by 24
Review: Isoprenoid and aromatic cytokinins in shoot branching
Cárdenas-Aquino, M. D. R., Sarria-Guzmán, Y., & Martínez‐Antonio, A. (2022) · Plant Science · doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111240 · Cited by 26
Susawaengsup, C., Rayanakorn, M., Mahatheeranont, S., et al. (2011) · Talanta · doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2011.04.073 · Cited by 22
Nivot, N., Olivier, A., & Lapointe, L. (2008) · HortScience · doi:10.21273/hortsci.43.5.1531 · Cited by 22
“The cytokinin benzyl adenine, when applied basally, favored lateral bud development in Arabidopsis cuttings, but when applied apically, they remained dormant (Chatfield et al., 2000).”
BackgroundChen, J., Liu, L., Wang, G., Chen, G., Liu, X., Li, M., Han, L., Song, W., Wang, S. P., Li, C., et al. (2024) · The Plant Cell · doi:10.1093/plcell/koae108 · Cited by 26
Axillary Shoot Branching in Plants
Yaish, M. W. F., Guevara, D. R., El‐Kereamy, A., & Rothstein, S. J. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-02301-9_3 · Cited by 22
“Work on the ABA-insensitive Arabidopsis mutants, abi1-1 and abi2-1, demonstrated that auxin inhibition of axillary bud outgrowth is ABA-independent and excludes the involvement of ABA in apical dominance (Chatfield et al. 2000).”
BackgroundKotov, A. A., & Kotova, L. M. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Botany · doi:10.1093/jxb/ery117 · Cited by 23
“In addition, the inhibitory effect of apical auxin was found to be largely dependent on the bud size, decreasing with an increase in size (Chatfield et al., 2000; Kotov and Kotova, 2010), which has periodically raised the question of whether auxin is the hormone of apical dominance (Cline and Sadeski, 2002; Mason et a…”
BackgroundLi, P., Su, T., Zhang, B., Li, P., Xin, X., Yue, X., Cao, Y., Wang, W., Zhao, X., Yu, Y., et al. (2020) · Theoretical and Applied Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00122-020-03531-1 · Cited by 21
Walker, C. H., Wheeldon, C. D., & Bennett, T. (2021) · PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · doi:10.1093/plphys/kiab194 · Cited by 19
“Studies using Arabidopsis inflorescences as a model system for apical dominance studies have generally struggled to see the classical effects of decapitation and auxin application (e.g. Chatfield et al., 2000; Cline et al., 2001).”
Ckurshumova, W., Koizumi, K., Chatfield, S. P., Sanchez-Buelna, S. U., Gangaeva, A. E., McKenzie, R., & Berleth, T. (2008) · Plant and Cell Physiology · doi:10.1093/pcp/pcn180 · Cited by 18
Self-citationZhang, L., Shen, C., Wei, J., & Han, W. (2018) · HortScience · doi:10.21273/hortsci12892-18 · Cited by 18
Current perspectives on shoot branching regulation
Cunquan, Y. U. A. N., Lin, X. I., Yaping, K. O. U., Yu, Z. H. A. O., & Liangjun, Z. H. A. O. (2015) · Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering · doi:10.15302/j-fase-2015053 · Cited by 22
“This effect is also observed in the presence of an auxin source in the tip bud([27,41]).”
BackgroundMaioli, A., Marchi, F. D., Valentino, D., et al. (2024) · Plant Stress · doi:10.1016/j.stress.2024.100541 · Cited by 17
Han, R., Gu, C., Li, R., Xu, W., Wang, S., Liu, C., Qu, C., Chen, S., Liu, G., Yu, Q., et al. (2019) · BMC Plant Biology · doi:10.1186/s12870-019-2098-y · Cited by 17
“While roots are the major site of cytokinins synthesis, cytokinins move acropetally from the roots and promote the growth of axillary meristem [52].”
Zhu, S., Chen, X., Liu, X., et al. (2019) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-019-6025-2 · Cited by 17
Wang, L., Gao, J., Wang, C., Xu, Y., Li, X., Yang, J., Chen, K., Kang, Y., Wang, Y., Cao, P., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.809435 · Cited by 16
He, A., Jiang, M., Nie, L., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2023.1043354 · Cited by 16
“However, the Frontiers in Plant Science 08 relationships between the GA1, GA3 and IAA contents in stems and buds on D3 and their single bud length and bud number and the IAA and ABA contents of stems and buds on D4 and their single bud length and bud number were inconsistent between the two years.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialvan der Graaff, E., Boot, K. J. M., Granbom, R., Sandberg, G., & Hooykaas, P. J. J. (2003) · Journal of Plant Growth Regulation · doi:10.1007/s00344-003-0014-y · Cited by 15
Valdés, A. E., Centeno, M. L., & Fernández, B. (2003) · Plant Science · doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2003.08.003 · Cited by 16
Zou, M., Zhang, D., Liu, Y., Chen, Z., Xu, T., Ma, Z., Li, J., Zhang, W., Huang, Z., & Pan, X. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-66136-4 · Cited by 15
Roles of DgD14 in regulation of shoot branching in chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum ‘Jinba’)
Wen, C., Xi, L., Gao, B., Wang, K., Lv, S., Kou, Y., Ma, N., & Zhao, L. (2015) · Plant Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.07.030 · Cited by 17
“Classic decapitation studies, grafting, application, and one/twonode assays (Chatfield et al., 2000; Brewer et al., 2013; Chen et al., 2013) have shown that auxins, CKs, and SLs play a major role in regulating bud outgrowth.”
BackgroundMethodLi, Z., Ding, Y., Xie, L., Jian, H., Gao, Y., Yin, J., Li, J., & Liu, L. (2020) · Plant Growth Regulation · doi:10.1007/s10725-020-00581-9 · Cited by 14
Effect of Some Auxins on Growth of Damask Rose Cuttings in Different Growing Media
Khan, M. S., Khan, R. U., & Waseem, K. (2006) · Cited by 15
Research Progress and Application of Plant Branching
Yang, Y., Hu, Y., Li, P., Hancock, J. T., & Hu, X. (2022) · Phyton · doi:10.32604/phyton.2023.024904 · Cited by 16
Unraveling the molecular mechanisms governing axillary meristem initiation in plants
Yuan, Y., Du, Y., & Delaplace, P. (2024) · Planta · doi:10.1007/s00425-024-04370-w · Cited by 13
“…gibberellins, and abscisic acid) participate and interplay in shoot AM formation (Napoli and Ruehle 1996; Beveridge et al. 1997; Beveridge 2000, 2006; Turnbull et al. 2002; Sorefan 2003; Foo et al. 2001; Morris et al. 2001; Zhang et al. 2020b; Chatfield et al. 2000; Reddy et al. 2013).”
Ahmad, S., Yuan, C., Yang, Q., Yang, Y., Cheng, T., Wang, J., Pan, H., & Zhang, Q. (2020) · BMC Plant Biology · doi:10.1186/s12870-020-02336-0 · Cited by 14
“In stem, the level of cytokinins is degraded by auxin-induced downregulation of cytokinins biosynthesis gene, whereas abscisic acid (ABA) expresses an auxin-independent inhibition of bud outgrowth [17, 54, 59].”
BackgroundZhao, N., Ze, S., Liu, N., et al. (2021) · Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.02.008 · Cited by 14
Apuli, R., Richards, T., Rendón‐Anaya, M., Karačić, A., Wästljung, A.-C. R., & Ingvarsson, P. K. (2021) · BMC Plant Biology · doi:10.1186/s12870-021-03103-5 · Cited by 14
Liu, T., Yunqian, H., & Li, X. (2008) · Progress in Natural Science Materials International · doi:10.1016/j.pnsc.2008.03.001 · Cited by 13
Nahas, Z., Ticchiarelli, F., van Rongen, M., Dillon, J., & Leyser, O. (2024) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/nph.19664 · Cited by 16
Self-citationThe Origin, Initiation and Development of Axillary Shoot Meristems in Lotus japonicus
Alvarez, N. D. G., Meeking, R. J., & White, D. W. R. (2006) · Annals of Botany · doi:10.1093/aob/mcl187 · Cited by 13
“Many of these studies on the regulation of shoot branching have centred on apical dominance and the role of endogenous plant hormones, particularly auxins (Cline, 1991, 1997; Li et al., 1992; Romano et al., 1993; Beveridge et al., 2000; Chatfield et al., 2000; Morris et al., 2005).”
BackgroundThe Positional Effects of Auxin and Cytokinin on the Regulation of Rice Tiller Bud Growth
Liu, Y., Ding, Y., Gu, D., Li, G., Wang, Q., & Wang, S. (2011) · Crop Science · doi:10.2135/cropsci2011.02.0083 · Cited by 13
Metabolic Regulation and Development of Energy Cane Setts upon Auxin Stimulus
da Cunha, C. P., de Abreu, L. G. F., Grassi, M. C. B., Aricetti, J. A., Machado, E. C., Pereira, G. A. G., & Oliveira, J. V. C. (2019) · Plant and Cell Physiology · doi:10.1093/pcp/pcz229 · Cited by 12
Govindarajulu, R., Hostetler, A. N., Xiao, Y., et al. (2021) · G3 Genes Genomes Genetics · doi:10.1093/g3journal/jkab024 · Cited by 13
Regulation of Regeneration Rate to Enhance Ratoon Rice Production
Lixiao, N., Xiayu, G., Weiqin, W., et al. (2024) · Rice Science · doi:10.1016/j.rsci.2024.11.001 · Cited by 12
Sugar Transport and Signaling in Shoot Branching
Doidy, J., Wang, Y., Gouaille, L., Goma‐Louamba, I., Jiang, Z., Pourtau, N., Gourrierec, J. L., & Sakr, S. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms252313214 · Cited by 14
“Finally, the use of feeding experiments with explant stems (a bud-bearing node), initially established in Arabidopsis [101], was proven useful for understanding the growing bud’s need for sugar, and later to desiccate the interaction between sugar and hormone signaling in the regulation of bud…”
Zhao, W., Chao, H., Zhang, L., Ta, N., Zhao, Y., Li, B., Zhang, K., Zhoubo, G., Hou, D., Chen, K., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2019.01152 · Cited by 13
Shi, J., Wang, N., Zhou, H., Xu, Q., & Yan, G. (2020) · BMC Plant Biology · doi:10.1186/s12870-020-02436-x · Cited by 12
Song, J., BRENDEL, O., Bodénès, C., Plomion, C., Kremer, A., & Colin, F. (2016) · Tree Genetics & Genomes · doi:10.1007/s11295-016-1083-y · Cited by 13
“…connect orthologous SNP markers between both parental linkage groups R related to plant hormones such as auxins, cytokinins, and strigolactones (Chatfield et al. 2000; Meier et al. 2012; Teichmann and Muhr 2015), a better understanding of the underlying molecular determinants of epicormic…”
Xu, K., Sun, F., Wang, Y., Shi, L., Liu, S., & Xi, Y. (2016) · Genetics and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2014-0300 · Cited by 11
“Auxin inhibits shoot branching (Chatfield et al., 2000) and the ectopic distribution of auxin could influence flower bud development at various stages.”
BackgroundNeris, D. M., Mattiello, L., Zúñiga, G. E., Purgatto, E., & Menossi, M. (2022) · Plant Cell Reports · doi:10.1007/s00299-022-02832-7 · Cited by 11
“The same negative effect was observed in the axillary buds in the etr mutants and Arabidopsis plants treated with AVG, an ethylene inhibitor (Chatfield et al. 2000).”
BackgroundCytokinin and reproductive shoot architecture: bigger and better?
Walker, C. H., & Bennett, T. (2024) · Biochemical Society Transactions · doi:10.1042/bst20231565 · Cited by 11
Genes involved in the synthesis and signaling pathway of strigolactone, a shoot branching inhibitor
Gong, L., Yang, Y. J., & Zhou, J. (2012) · Biologia Plantarum · doi:10.1007/s10535-012-0078-2 · Cited by 11
“Consistent with this idea, basal supply of cytokinin through the transpiration stream released Arbidopsis buds from inhibition imposed by apical application of auxin (Chatfield et al. 2000).”
BackgroundOverexpression of a Ran GTPase homologous gene, FaRan from tall fescue, in transgenic Arabidopsis
Lyu, S., Fan, Y., & Jin, C. X. (2011) · Biologia Plantarum · doi:10.1007/s10535-011-0048-0 · Cited by 10
“The phenotypes of transgenic plant are commonly related with many auxin- and cytokinin-related mutants (Cline 1997, Napoli 1999, Chatfield et al. 2000, Tantikanjana et al. 2001).”
BackgroundComparative Metabolite Profiling and Hormone Analysis of Perennial and Annual Rice
Zhao, X., Zhang, T., Huang, L., et al. (2011) · Journal of Plant Biology · doi:10.1007/s12374-011-9192-5 · Cited by 10
“Thus, more evidence is needed to illustrate the effects of hormones on axillary bud outgrowth (Wickson and Thimann 1958; Harrison and Kaufman 1983; Chatfiled et al. 2000).”
BackgroundAxillary meristem development in the branchless Zu-0 ecotype of Arabidopsis thaliana
Kalinina, A., Mihajlović, N., & Grbić, V. (2002) · Planta · doi:10.1007/s00425-002-0820-7 · Cited by 10
“Recent studies established the role of auxin in axillary meristem outgrowth rather than in meristem initiation (Stirnberg et al. 1999; Chatfield et al. 2000).”
BackgroundYi, M., Yang, H., Yang, S., & Wang, J. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Botany · doi:10.1093/jxb/erac040 · Cited by 9
Zhang, X., Lai, C., Liu, M., Xue, X., Zhang, S., Chen, Y., Xiao, X., Zhang, Z., Chen, Y., Lai, Z., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms232214047 · Cited by 9
Guo, L., Serek, M., & Gehl, C. (2023) · Plant Cell Reports · doi:10.1007/s00299-023-02983-1 · Cited by 9
Ковалева, Л. В., & Zakharova, E. V. (2004) · Russian Journal of Plant Physiology · doi:10.1023/b:rupp.0000028688.92937.64 · Cited by 9
Shoot branching control by reduced culm number 4 in rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Ariyaratne, M., Takamure, I., & Kato, K. (2009) · Plant Science · doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2009.02.015 · Cited by 9
Annual Flower Injury from Sublethal Rates of Dicamba, 2,4-D, and Premixed 2,4-D + Mecoprop + Dicamba
Hatterman‐Valenti, H., & Mayland, P. (2005) · HortScience · doi:10.21273/hortsci.40.3.680 · Cited by 9
“Symptoms included apical bud death, which has been shown to remove the auxin source and allow lateral sprouting (Chatfield et al., 2000).”
BackgroundThe CsphyB–CsPIF4–CsBRC1 module regulates ABA biosynthesis and axillary bud outgrowth in cucumber
Liu, Y., Liu, Z., Li, C., Li, M., She, D., Zhang, J., Ren, H., Zhong, X., Huang, Y., Huang, Y., et al. (2025) · Journal of Integrative Plant Biology · doi:10.1111/jipb.13947 · Cited by 10
Effect of Growth Regulators on In Vitro Micropropagation of Stahlianthus thorelii Gagnep
Yen, D. V., & Li, J. (2022) · Agriculture · doi:10.3390/agriculture12111766 · Cited by 8
“On the other hand, exogenous cytokinin application is able to overcome the inhibitory effect of auxin on the axillary bud activity [36].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Chatfield, S. P., Stirnberg, P., Forde, B. G., & Leyser, O.
- Affiliations
- University of York (GB)
- Lancaster University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Leyser, Ottoline
- Venue
- The Plant Journal
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2000-10
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 159-169
- ISSN
- 0960-7412 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-313X
- OpenAlex
- W2070702008
- Semantic Scholar
- e5cf2b14ba6d4791675335aae6be357567843f9b
- Cited by
- 284
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 14.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Plant Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) (submittedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Directorate for Biological Sciences
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Molecular Biology Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Parasitism and Resistance
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Flowering Plant Growth and Cultivation
- Keywords
- axillary bud outgrowth, cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid, second messengers, Arabidopsis thaliana
- MeSH terms
- Abscisic Acid, Cytokinins, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Drug Interactions, Ethylenes, Indoleacetic Acids, Plant Growth Regulators, Arabidopsis, Plant Shoots
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