The DOI matches its Crossref record; 58 of the 58 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 34 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis
Open accessAbstract
Apically derived auxin has long been known to inhibit lateral bud growth, but since it appears not to enter the bud, it has been proposed that its inhibitory effect is mediated by a second messenger. Candidates include the plant hormones ethylene, cytokinin and abscisic acid. We have developed a new assay to study this phenomenon using the model plant Arabidopsis. The assay allows study of the effects of both apical and basal hormone applications on the growth of buds on excised nodal sections. We have shown that apical auxin can inhibit the growth of small buds, but larger buds were found to have lost competence to respond. We have used the assay with nodes from wild-type and hormone-signalling mutants to test the role of ethylene, cytokinin and abscisic acid in bud inhibition by apical auxin. Our data eliminate ethylene as a second messenger for auxin-mediated bud inhibition. Similarly, abscisic acid signalling is not to be required for auxin action, although basally applied abscisic can enhance inhibition by apical auxin and apically applied abscisic acid can reduce it. By contrast, basally applied cytokinin was found to release lateral buds from inhibition by apical auxin, while apically applied cytokinin dramatically increased the duration of inhibition. These results are consistent with cytokinin acting independently to regulate bud growth, rather than as a second messenger for auxin. However, in the absence of cytokinin-signalling mutants, a role for cytokinin as a second messenger for auxin cannot be ruled out.
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65 Own result · 14 No full text of the sources · 14 Own interpretation · 7 Own method · 2 Supported so far · 2 Not checked yet · 1 Sources not found
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In the paper
“auxin levels in the bud actually increase as lateral buds begin to enlarge and grow (Gocal et al., 1991;Hillman, 1984;Pearce et al., 1995).”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Gocal et al., 1991 source
The Discussion reports that IAA concentration increased fivefold in the larger axillary bud within four hours of decapitation. It also reports increased bud size and fresh weight by eight hours, closely associating the IAA increase with the onset of growth. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not matchedcites Hillman, 1984
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pearce et al., 1995 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, despite the lower growth rates, inhibition by apical 1 mM NAA was clearly demonstrated with both etr1 and AVG treatments.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > The effect of ethylene and ABA on auxin-mediated inhibition
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The etr1 mutant is ethylene-insensitive.
- Rests on an assumption: AVG inhibits ethylene biosynthesis.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“NAA at this concentration (10 mM) could also inhibit outgrowth from longer buds, up to 3.5 mm long at excision (data not shown).”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Growth of excised buds
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When both hormones were applied basally, bud growth was similar to that of untreated controls.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > The effect of cytokinin
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“although basally applied abscisic can enhance inhibition by apical auxin”
- Also stated in: § The effect of ethylene and ABA on auxin-mediated inhibition · plain
“Combining basal 3 mM ABA with apical 1 mM NAA increased the duration of inhibition signi®cantly compared with apical NAA alone.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Abstract Apically derived auxin has long been known to inhibit lateral bud growth, but since it appears not to enter the bud, it has been proposed that its inhibitory effect is mediated by a second messenger.Candidates include the plant hormones ethylene, cytokinin and abscisic acid.We have developed a new assay to study this phenomenon using the model plant Arabidopsis.The assay allows study of the effects of both apical and basal hormone applications on the growth of buds on excised nodal sections.We have shown that apical auxin can inhibit the growth of small buds, but larger buds were found to have lost competence to respond.We have used the assay with nodes from wild-type and hormonesignalling mutants to test the role of ethylene, cytokinin and abscisic acid in bud inhibition by apical auxin.Our data eliminate ethylene as a second messenger for auxin-mediated bud inhibition.Similarly, abscisic acid signalling is not to be required for auxin action, although basally applied abscisic can enhance inhibition by apical auxin and apically applied abscisic acid can reduce it.By contrast, basally applied cytokinin was found to release lateral buds from inhibition by apical auxin, while apically applied cytokinin dramatically increased the duration of inhibition.These results are consistent with cytokinin acting independently to regulate bud growth, rather than as a second messenger for auxin.However, in the absence of cytokinin-signalling mutants, a role for cytokinin as a second messenger for auxin cannot be ruled out.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § The effect of ethylene and ABA on auxin-mediated inhibition · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If 1 mM NAA was supplied both apically and basally simultaneously, the mean duration of inhibition, compared to apical NAA alone, was increased from 5 days to 7±8 days.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Growth of excised buds
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“basally applied cytokinin was found to release lateral buds from inhibition by apical auxin”
- Also stated in: § The effect of cytokinin · plain
“Basal 1 mM BA was found to release the inhibition of outgrowth by 1 mM apical auxin in most instances.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Abstract Apically derived auxin has long been known to inhibit lateral bud growth, but since it appears not to enter the bud, it has been proposed that its inhibitory effect is mediated by a second messenger.Candidates include the plant hormones ethylene, cytokinin and abscisic acid.We have developed a new assay to study this phenomenon using the model plant Arabidopsis.The assay allows study of the effects of both apical and basal hormone applications on the growth of buds on excised nodal sections.We have shown that apical auxin can inhibit the growth of small buds, but larger buds were found to have lost competence to respond.We have used the assay with nodes from wild-type and hormonesignalling mutants to test the role of ethylene, cytokinin and abscisic acid in bud inhibition by apical auxin.Our data eliminate ethylene as a second messenger for auxin-mediated bud inhibition.Similarly, abscisic acid signalling is not to be required for auxin action, although basally applied abscisic can enhance inhibition by apical auxin and apically applied abscisic acid can reduce it.By contrast, basally applied cytokinin was found to release lateral buds from inhibition by apical auxin, while apically applied cytokinin dramatically increased the duration of inhibition.These results are consistent with cytokinin acting independently to regulate bud growth, rather than as a second messenger for auxin.However, in the absence of cytokinin-signalling mutants, a role for cytokinin as a second messenger for auxin cannot be ruled out.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § The effect of cytokinin · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Buds exposed to combined apical NAA plus BA were also more resistant to release by basal BA than buds exposed to apical NAA alone (data not shown).”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > The effect of cytokinin
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, dye supplied in the apical media block did not appear in the leaf or bud.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Auxin and bud outgrowth Our data show a direct relationship between the concentration of apical auxin and the duration of the inhibition of bud outgrowth (Figure 3).Other workers have found that increasing the concentration of auxin applied to the cut stump of decapitated plants (Thimann, 1937;Went, 1939), or to the apical end of explants (Tamas et al., 1989), decreases the ®nal length of lateral buds.Wickson and Thimann (1958) observed that buds on nodal sections of Pisum sativum immersed in nutrient solutions were inhibited for approximately the same period over a range of IAA concentrations.The buds would `breakaway' after 5 days, but their subsequent growth was slower at higher IAA concentrations.In contrast, we have found that, when apical NAA is applied, the time to breakaway increases as the concentration is raised from 0.1 to 10 mM, often with little difference in the subsequent rate of outgrowth (Figure 3b).The mechanism behind this concentrationdependent timing of breakaway is unclear.A decline in the sensitivity of some auxin-responsive tissues may occur, or the ability of the nodal sections to take up and/or transport auxin may diminish with time and the build-up of callus at the cut stump.Perhaps a substance accumulates that counteracts inhibition by auxin.For instance, cells at the base of the nodal sections that have begun to differentiate into root tissue may begin to synthesize and release cytokinins.We have established that there is no signi®cant decrease in the potency of the NAA in the split plates during the course of the experiment.Plates used in the assay for 8 days were replenished with fresh nodal sections and were found to inhibit bud outgrowth for as long as fresh plates (data not shown). The assay has also revealed a trend for decreasing sensitivity to inhibition by apical auxin as lateral bud size increases.We have found that some of the larger buds (2± 5 mm), which appear unresponsive to 1 mM NAA, can be inhibited by higher concentrations of apical NAA, but that even 10 mM NAA may not inhibit buds longer than 5 mm (data not shown).Therefore, it appears that, with increasing size, buds loose competence to respond to auxin.The molecular basis for this change is unknown.One possibility is that the transition to auxin resistance corresponds to the establishment of auxin synthesis and transport in the developing bud as suggested by Snow (1937).Certainly, auxin levels increase as buds begin to grow (Gocal et al., 1991;Hillman, 1984;Pearce et al., 1995), and bud activity correlates with the presence of active polar auxin transport (Morris and Johnson, 1990;Morris, 1977). Supplying apical NPA prevented inhibition by apical NAA.This supports the conclusion reached by Tamas et al. (1989) that basipetal auxin transport from the apex is required for bud growth inhibition.In addition, our observation that basally supplied auxins failed to inhibit lateral bud outgrowth is in agreement with their ®ndings.However, they also found that supplying basal IAA to bean nodal explants could relieve inhibition by apical IAA, which is contrary to our results using NAA.This may re¯ect a difference in the action of these speci®c auxins (e.g.uptake into cells), or in the responses of the two species to basal auxin.The difference in the effects of basally and apically supplied auxin is not explained by a difference in the quantity of hormone reaching the bud.By the addition of dyes, we have established that there is signi®cant bulk ¯ow of solutes from the basal media block to the cauline leaf and later to the growing bud in the transpiration stream (data not shown).However, dye supplied in the apical media block did not appear in the leaf or bud.In addition, Lim and Tamas (1989) used 14 C-IAA to show that the quantity of IAA transported to the bud from the cut apical surface of explants did not exceed that reaching the bud from the basal end.We were able to con®rm this result for Arabidopsis explants using 14 C-IAA in our own assay (data not shown).
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“NAA at a concentration of 10 mM supplied to both ends completely inhibited all outgrowth of the lateral shoots for the duration of the experiment (14 days).”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Growth of excised buds
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 33
- Probably not a substantial claim. 12
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Certainly, auxin levels increase as buds begin to grow (Gocal et al., 1991;Hillman, 1984;Pearce et al., 1995), and bud activity correlates with the presence of active polar auxin transport (Morris and Johnson, 1990;Morris, 1977).”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Auxin and bud outgrowth Our data show a direct relationship between the concentration of apical auxin and the duration of the inhibition of bud outgrowth (Figure 3).Other workers have found that increasing the concentration of auxin applied to the cut stump of decapitated plants (Thimann, 1937;Went, 1939), or to the apical end of explants (Tamas et al., 1989), decreases the ®nal length of lateral buds.Wickson and Thimann (1958) observed that buds on nodal sections of Pisum sativum immersed in nutrient solutions were inhibited for approximately the same period over a range of IAA concentrations.The buds would `breakaway' after 5 days, but their subsequent growth was slower at higher IAA concentrations.In contrast, we have found that, when apical NAA is applied, the time to breakaway increases as the concentration is raised from 0.1 to 10 mM, often with little difference in the subsequent rate of outgrowth (Figure 3b).The mechanism behind this concentrationdependent timing of breakaway is unclear.A decline in the sensitivity of some auxin-responsive tissues may occur, or the ability of the nodal sections to take up and/or transport auxin may diminish with time and the build-up of callus at the cut stump.Perhaps a substance accumulates that counteracts inhibition by auxin.For instance, cells at the base of the nodal sections that have begun to differentiate into root tissue may begin to synthesize and release cytokinins.We have established that there is no signi®cant decrease in the potency of the NAA in the split plates during the course of the experiment.Plates used in the assay for 8 days were replenished with fresh nodal sections and were found to inhibit bud outgrowth for as long as fresh plates (data not shown). The assay has also revealed a trend for decreasing sensitivity to inhibition by apical auxin as lateral bud size increases.We have found that some of the larger buds (2± 5 mm), which appear unresponsive to 1 mM NAA, can be inhibited by higher concentrations of apical NAA, but that even 10 mM NAA may not inhibit buds longer than 5 mm (data not shown).Therefore, it appears that, with increasing size, buds loose competence to respond to auxin.The molecular basis for this change is unknown.One possibility is that the transition to auxin resistance corresponds to the establishment of auxin synthesis and transport in the developing bud as suggested by Snow (1937).Certainly, auxin levels increase as buds begin to grow (Gocal et al., 1991;Hillman, 1984;Pearce et al., 1995), and bud activity correlates with the presence of active polar auxin transport (Morris and Johnson, 1990;Morris, 1977). Supplying apical NPA prevented inhibition by apical NAA.This supports the conclusion reached by Tamas et al. (1989) that basipetal auxin transport from the apex is required for bud growth inhibition.In addition, our observation that basally supplied auxins failed to inhibit lateral bud outgrowth is in agreement with their ®ndings.However, they also found that supplying basal IAA to bean nodal explants could relieve inhibition by apical IAA, which is contrary to our results using NAA.This may re¯ect a difference in the action of these speci®c auxins (e.g.uptake into cells), or in the responses of the two species to basal auxin.The difference in the effects of basally and apically supplied auxin is not explained by a difference in the quantity of hormone reaching the bud.By the addition of dyes, we have established that there is signi®cant bulk ¯ow of solutes from the basal media block to the cauline leaf and later to the growing bud in the transpiration stream (data not shown).However, dye supplied in the apical media block did not appear in the leaf or bud.In addition, Lim and Tamas (1989) used 14 C-IAA to show that the quantity of IAA transported to the bud from the cut apical surface of explants did not exceed that reaching the bud from the basal end.We were able to con®rm this result for Arabidopsis explants using 14 C-IAA in our own assay (data not shown).
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Gocal et al., 1991 source
The Discussion reports a fivefold increase in IAA in the larger axillary bud within four hours of decapitation. It says this increase was closely associated with the bud’s release from arrested development and subsequent growth. Gocal et al. is cited for the auxin-level clause, not the separate polar-transport clause. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Morris and Johnson, 1990 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Morris, 1977 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We have found that some of the larger buds (2± 5 mm), which appear unresponsive to 1 mM NAA, can be inhibited by higher concentrations of apical NAA, but that even 10 mM NAA may not inhibit buds longer than 5 mm (data not shown).”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Auxin and bud outgrowth Our data show a direct relationship between the concentration of apical auxin and the duration of the inhibition of bud outgrowth (Figure 3).Other workers have found that increasing the concentration of auxin applied to the cut stump of decapitated plants (Thimann, 1937;Went, 1939), or to the apical end of explants (Tamas et al., 1989), decreases the ®nal length of lateral buds.Wickson and Thimann (1958) observed that buds on nodal sections of Pisum sativum immersed in nutrient solutions were inhibited for approximately the same period over a range of IAA concentrations.The buds would `breakaway' after 5 days, but their subsequent growth was slower at higher IAA concentrations.In contrast, we have found that, when apical NAA is applied, the time to breakaway increases as the concentration is raised from 0.1 to 10 mM, often with little difference in the subsequent rate of outgrowth (Figure 3b).The mechanism behind this concentrationdependent timing of breakaway is unclear.A decline in the sensitivity of some auxin-responsive tissues may occur, or the ability of the nodal sections to take up and/or transport auxin may diminish with time and the build-up of callus at the cut stump.Perhaps a substance accumulates that counteracts inhibition by auxin.For instance, cells at the base of the nodal sections that have begun to differentiate into root tissue may begin to synthesize and release cytokinins.We have established that there is no signi®cant decrease in the potency of the NAA in the split plates during the course of the experiment.Plates used in the assay for 8 days were replenished with fresh nodal sections and were found to inhibit bud outgrowth for as long as fresh plates (data not shown). The assay has also revealed a trend for decreasing sensitivity to inhibition by apical auxin as lateral bud size increases.We have found that some of the larger buds (2± 5 mm), which appear unresponsive to 1 mM NAA, can be inhibited by higher concentrations of apical NAA, but that even 10 mM NAA may not inhibit buds longer than 5 mm (data not shown).Therefore, it appears that, with increasing size, buds loose competence to respond to auxin.The molecular basis for this change is unknown.One possibility is that the transition to auxin resistance corresponds to the establishment of auxin synthesis and transport in the developing bud as suggested by Snow (1937).Certainly, auxin levels increase as buds begin to grow (Gocal et al., 1991;Hillman, 1984;Pearce et al., 1995), and bud activity correlates with the presence of active polar auxin transport (Morris and Johnson, 1990;Morris, 1977). Supplying apical NPA prevented inhibition by apical NAA.This supports the conclusion reached by Tamas et al. (1989) that basipetal auxin transport from the apex is required for bud growth inhibition.In addition, our observation that basally supplied auxins failed to inhibit lateral bud outgrowth is in agreement with their ®ndings.However, they also found that supplying basal IAA to bean nodal explants could relieve inhibition by apical IAA, which is contrary to our results using NAA.This may re¯ect a difference in the action of these speci®c auxins (e.g.uptake into cells), or in the responses of the two species to basal auxin.The difference in the effects of basally and apically supplied auxin is not explained by a difference in the quantity of hormone reaching the bud.By the addition of dyes, we have established that there is signi®cant bulk ¯ow of solutes from the basal media block to the cauline leaf and later to the growing bud in the transpiration stream (data not shown).However, dye supplied in the apical media block did not appear in the leaf or bud.In addition, Lim and Tamas (1989) used 14 C-IAA to show that the quantity of IAA transported to the bud from the cut apical surface of explants did not exceed that reaching the bud from the basal end.We were able to con®rm this result for Arabidopsis explants using 14 C-IAA in our own assay (data not shown).
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When the orientation of the hormones was reversed, i.e.NAA basally and BA apically, the mean rate of lateral outgrowth was the same as the controls for the ®rst 120 h, after which the buds from this treatment tended to die.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > The effect of cytokinin
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Basal 1 mM BA caused a slight increase in the rate of lateral growth, such that buds were on average one-third longer than controls after 72 h.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > The effect of cytokinin
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When abi1-1 was tested, it was found that the buds were completely insensitive to ABA in any orientation and auxin inhibition was unaffected (Figure 5d).”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > The effect of ethylene and ABA on auxin-mediated inhibition
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The abi1-1 and abi2-1 mutants are ABA-insensitive.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In fact, inhibition by apical 1 mM NAA was more prolonged when combined with either AVG or etr1 in the assay (24 h longer, on average, with AVG and 5±6 days longer with etr1).”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > The effect of ethylene and ABA on auxin-mediated inhibition
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The etr1 mutant is ethylene-insensitive.
- Rests on an assumption: AVG inhibits ethylene biosynthesis.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Concentrations of apical NAA higher than 1 mM prolonged the period of inhibition, with 10 mM inhibiting most buds for at least 7 days and many for the duration of the experiment: 10±14 days (Figure 3b).”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Growth of excised buds
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Buds larger than 1.5 mm at excision of the nodal section were increasingly less likely to be inhibited by 1 mM NAA for any period, and most lateral buds greater than 3 mm in length grew out at rates not signi®cantly different from control buds.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Growth of excised buds
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, when apical 2,4-D was used, the buds were completely inhibited for 2± 10 days and when growth began it proceeded at a greatly reduced rate.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Growth of excised buds
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It was found that Landsberg erecta appeared generally more sensitive to ABA than Columbia.In Landsberg, the rate of bud outgrowth was dramatically reduced (and to approximately the same degree) by 3 mM ABA in any orientation”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > The effect of ethylene and ABA on auxin-mediated inhibition
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When the polar transport inhibitor 1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) was supplied apically (1 mM), inhibition by 1 mM apical NAA was partially relieved (Figure 4b).”
- Also stated in: § Auxin and bud outgrowth Our data show a direct relationship between the concentration of apical auxin and the duration of the inhibition of bud outgrowth (Figure 3).Other workers have found that increasing the concentration of auxin applied to the cut stump of decapitated plants (Thimann, 1937;Went, 1939), or to the apical end of explants (Tamas et al., 1989), decreases the ®nal length of lateral buds.Wickson and Thimann (1958) observed that buds on nodal sections of Pisum sativum immersed in nutrient solutions were inhibited for approximately the same period over a range of IAA concentrations.The buds would `breakaway' after 5 days, but their subsequent growth was slower at higher IAA concentrations.In contrast, we have found that, when apical NAA is applied, the time to breakaway increases as the concentration is raised from 0.1 to 10 mM, often with little difference in the subsequent rate of outgrowth (Figure 3b).The mechanism behind this concentrationdependent timing of breakaway is unclear.A decline in the sensitivity of some auxin-responsive tissues may occur, or the ability of the nodal sections to take up and/or transport auxin may diminish with time and the build-up of callus at the cut stump.Perhaps a substance accumulates that counteracts inhibition by auxin.For instance, cells at the base of the nodal sections that have begun to differentiate into root tissue may begin to synthesize and release cytokinins.We have established that there is no signi®cant decrease in the potency of the NAA in the split plates during the course of the experiment.Plates used in the assay for 8 days were replenished with fresh nodal sections and were found to inhibit bud outgrowth for as long as fresh plates (data not shown). The assay has also revealed a trend for decreasing sensitivity to inhibition by apical auxin as lateral bud size increases.We have found that some of the larger buds (2± 5 mm), which appear unresponsive to 1 mM NAA, can be inhibited by higher concentrations of apical NAA, but that even 10 mM NAA may not inhibit buds longer than 5 mm (data not shown).Therefore, it appears that, with increasing size, buds loose competence to respond to auxin.The molecular basis for this change is unknown.One possibility is that the transition to auxin resistance corresponds to the establishment of auxin synthesis and transport in the developing bud as suggested by Snow (1937).Certainly, auxin levels increase as buds begin to grow (Gocal et al., 1991;Hillman, 1984;Pearce et al., 1995), and bud activity correlates with the presence of active polar auxin transport (Morris and Johnson, 1990;Morris, 1977). Supplying apical NPA prevented inhibition by apical NAA.This supports the conclusion reached by Tamas et al. (1989) that basipetal auxin transport from the apex is required for bud growth inhibition.In addition, our observation that basally supplied auxins failed to inhibit lateral bud outgrowth is in agreement with their ®ndings.However, they also found that supplying basal IAA to bean nodal explants could relieve inhibition by apical IAA, which is contrary to our results using NAA.This may re¯ect a difference in the action of these speci®c auxins (e.g.uptake into cells), or in the responses of the two species to basal auxin.The difference in the effects of basally and apically supplied auxin is not explained by a difference in the quantity of hormone reaching the bud.By the addition of dyes, we have established that there is signi®cant bulk ¯ow of solutes from the basal media block to the cauline leaf and later to the growing bud in the transpiration stream (data not shown).However, dye supplied in the apical media block did not appear in the leaf or bud.In addition, Lim and Tamas (1989) used 14 C-IAA to show that the quantity of IAA transported to the bud from the cut apical surface of explants did not exceed that reaching the bud from the basal end.We were able to con®rm this result for Arabidopsis explants using 14 C-IAA in our own assay (data not shown). · plain
“Supplying apical NPA prevented inhibition by apical NAA.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > The effect of NPA on auxin-mediated inhibition
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- Also stated in: § Auxin and bud outgrowth Our data show a direct relationship between the concentration of apical auxin and the duration of the inhibition of bud outgrowth (Figure 3).Other workers have found that increasing the concentration of auxin applied to the cut stump of decapitated plants (Thimann, 1937;Went, 1939), or to the apical end of explants (Tamas et al., 1989), decreases the ®nal length of lateral buds.Wickson and Thimann (1958) observed that buds on nodal sections of Pisum sativum immersed in nutrient solutions were inhibited for approximately the same period over a range of IAA concentrations.The buds would `breakaway' after 5 days, but their subsequent growth was slower at higher IAA concentrations.In contrast, we have found that, when apical NAA is applied, the time to breakaway increases as the concentration is raised from 0.1 to 10 mM, often with little difference in the subsequent rate of outgrowth (Figure 3b).The mechanism behind this concentrationdependent timing of breakaway is unclear.A decline in the sensitivity of some auxin-responsive tissues may occur, or the ability of the nodal sections to take up and/or transport auxin may diminish with time and the build-up of callus at the cut stump.Perhaps a substance accumulates that counteracts inhibition by auxin.For instance, cells at the base of the nodal sections that have begun to differentiate into root tissue may begin to synthesize and release cytokinins.We have established that there is no signi®cant decrease in the potency of the NAA in the split plates during the course of the experiment.Plates used in the assay for 8 days were replenished with fresh nodal sections and were found to inhibit bud outgrowth for as long as fresh plates (data not shown). The assay has also revealed a trend for decreasing sensitivity to inhibition by apical auxin as lateral bud size increases.We have found that some of the larger buds (2± 5 mm), which appear unresponsive to 1 mM NAA, can be inhibited by higher concentrations of apical NAA, but that even 10 mM NAA may not inhibit buds longer than 5 mm (data not shown).Therefore, it appears that, with increasing size, buds loose competence to respond to auxin.The molecular basis for this change is unknown.One possibility is that the transition to auxin resistance corresponds to the establishment of auxin synthesis and transport in the developing bud as suggested by Snow (1937).Certainly, auxin levels increase as buds begin to grow (Gocal et al., 1991;Hillman, 1984;Pearce et al., 1995), and bud activity correlates with the presence of active polar auxin transport (Morris and Johnson, 1990;Morris, 1977). Supplying apical NPA prevented inhibition by apical NAA.This supports the conclusion reached by Tamas et al. (1989) that basipetal auxin transport from the apex is required for bud growth inhibition.In addition, our observation that basally supplied auxins failed to inhibit lateral bud outgrowth is in agreement with their ®ndings.However, they also found that supplying basal IAA to bean nodal explants could relieve inhibition by apical IAA, which is contrary to our results using NAA.This may re¯ect a difference in the action of these speci®c auxins (e.g.uptake into cells), or in the responses of the two species to basal auxin.The difference in the effects of basally and apically supplied auxin is not explained by a difference in the quantity of hormone reaching the bud.By the addition of dyes, we have established that there is signi®cant bulk ¯ow of solutes from the basal media block to the cauline leaf and later to the growing bud in the transpiration stream (data not shown).However, dye supplied in the apical media block did not appear in the leaf or bud.In addition, Lim and Tamas (1989) used 14 C-IAA to show that the quantity of IAA transported to the bud from the cut apical surface of explants did not exceed that reaching the bud from the basal end.We were able to con®rm this result for Arabidopsis explants using 14 C-IAA in our own assay (data not shown). · plain
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In the paper
“Basal and apical 3 mM ABA did not affect the rate of bud outgrowth signi®cantly, but, when supplied in both media blocks, a slight reduction in growth rate was observed.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > The effect of ethylene and ABA on auxin-mediated inhibition
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In the paper
“The rate of lateral outgrowth in the etr1 mutant was slower than in wild-type, and 5 mM AVG, supplied in both media blocks, also reduced the rate of bud growth substantially.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > The effect of ethylene and ABA on auxin-mediated inhibition
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- Rests on an assumption: The etr1 mutant is ethylene-insensitive.
- Rests on an assumption: AVG inhibits ethylene biosynthesis.
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In the paper
“Apical 0.5 mM NAA inhibited the outgrowth of many buds, but usually for a shorter period than 1 mM NAA, and apical 0.1 mM NAA did not affect the rate of bud growth (Figure 3b).”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Growth of excised buds
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In the paper
“Even with the orientation of the nodes reversed, NAA supplied at the inverted apical end was found to inhibit outgrowth, but still had no effect when provided at the basal end (data not shown).”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Growth of excised buds
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In the paper
“Apical cytokinin and cytokinin applied to both sides had little effect.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > The effect of cytokinin
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In the paper
“IAA at a concentration of 1 mM prevented outgrowth for 2±4 days and was similar in effect to 0.5 mM NAA.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Growth of excised buds
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In the paper
“The most prevalent natural auxin, IAA, and the synthetic auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) supplied apically were also able to inhibit bud outgrowth (Figure 3c).Apical IAA was found to be a less potent inhibitor than NAA.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Growth of excised buds
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In the paper
“In contrast, we have found that, when apical NAA is applied, the time to breakaway increases as the concentration is raised from 0.1 to 10 mM, often with little difference in the subsequent rate of outgrowth (Figure 3b).”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Auxin and bud outgrowth Our data show a direct relationship between the concentration of apical auxin and the duration of the inhibition of bud outgrowth (Figure 3).Other workers have found that increasing the concentration of auxin applied to the cut stump of decapitated plants (Thimann, 1937;Went, 1939), or to the apical end of explants (Tamas et al., 1989), decreases the ®nal length of lateral buds.Wickson and Thimann (1958) observed that buds on nodal sections of Pisum sativum immersed in nutrient solutions were inhibited for approximately the same period over a range of IAA concentrations.The buds would `breakaway' after 5 days, but their subsequent growth was slower at higher IAA concentrations.In contrast, we have found that, when apical NAA is applied, the time to breakaway increases as the concentration is raised from 0.1 to 10 mM, often with little difference in the subsequent rate of outgrowth (Figure 3b).The mechanism behind this concentrationdependent timing of breakaway is unclear.A decline in the sensitivity of some auxin-responsive tissues may occur, or the ability of the nodal sections to take up and/or transport auxin may diminish with time and the build-up of callus at the cut stump.Perhaps a substance accumulates that counteracts inhibition by auxin.For instance, cells at the base of the nodal sections that have begun to differentiate into root tissue may begin to synthesize and release cytokinins.We have established that there is no signi®cant decrease in the potency of the NAA in the split plates during the course of the experiment.Plates used in the assay for 8 days were replenished with fresh nodal sections and were found to inhibit bud outgrowth for as long as fresh plates (data not shown). The assay has also revealed a trend for decreasing sensitivity to inhibition by apical auxin as lateral bud size increases.We have found that some of the larger buds (2± 5 mm), which appear unresponsive to 1 mM NAA, can be inhibited by higher concentrations of apical NAA, but that even 10 mM NAA may not inhibit buds longer than 5 mm (data not shown).Therefore, it appears that, with increasing size, buds loose competence to respond to auxin.The molecular basis for this change is unknown.One possibility is that the transition to auxin resistance corresponds to the establishment of auxin synthesis and transport in the developing bud as suggested by Snow (1937).Certainly, auxin levels increase as buds begin to grow (Gocal et al., 1991;Hillman, 1984;Pearce et al., 1995), and bud activity correlates with the presence of active polar auxin transport (Morris and Johnson, 1990;Morris, 1977). Supplying apical NPA prevented inhibition by apical NAA.This supports the conclusion reached by Tamas et al. (1989) that basipetal auxin transport from the apex is required for bud growth inhibition.In addition, our observation that basally supplied auxins failed to inhibit lateral bud outgrowth is in agreement with their ®ndings.However, they also found that supplying basal IAA to bean nodal explants could relieve inhibition by apical IAA, which is contrary to our results using NAA.This may re¯ect a difference in the action of these speci®c auxins (e.g.uptake into cells), or in the responses of the two species to basal auxin.The difference in the effects of basally and apically supplied auxin is not explained by a difference in the quantity of hormone reaching the bud.By the addition of dyes, we have established that there is signi®cant bulk ¯ow of solutes from the basal media block to the cauline leaf and later to the growing bud in the transpiration stream (data not shown).However, dye supplied in the apical media block did not appear in the leaf or bud.In addition, Lim and Tamas (1989) used 14 C-IAA to show that the quantity of IAA transported to the bud from the cut apical surface of explants did not exceed that reaching the bud from the basal end.We were able to con®rm this result for Arabidopsis explants using 14 C-IAA in our own assay (data not shown).
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Growth of lateral shoots from excised node 1 was slow for the ®rst 24 h (0±1 mm).The growth rate then increased steadily to settle at an average of 7 mm per day between 72 and 144 h (Figure 2).”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Growth of excised buds
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“Apical NPA can release auxin inhibition of bud outgrowth, but basal NPA cannot (b).”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Set-up and measurements
plaindirectn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The excised nodal section assay reproduces the hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in intact Arabidopsis plants.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The cytokinin BA, when applied basally, apically or both, had relatively little effect on the outgrowth of the lateral buds in the assay, although a small stimulation of the rate of growth was seen when 1 mM BA was added basally.”
- Also stated in: § Set-up and measurements · hedged
“When supplied alone, BA generally has little effect on the rate of bud outgrowth (a), but when supplied basally or apically with apical NAA, BA can, respectively, release or enhance inhibition of lateral bud outgrowth (b).”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > The role of cytokinin
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- Also stated in: § Set-up and measurements · hedged
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In the paper
“Small buds are more sensitive to apical auxin than large buds, which become essentially unresponsive to the hormone.”
- Also stated in: § Set-up and measurements · plain
“Buds longer than 1.5 mm at excision become unresponsive to inhibition by 1 mM NAA (a).”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Conclusion
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The excised nodal section assay reproduces the hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in intact Arabidopsis plants.
- Also stated in: § Set-up and measurements · plain
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In the paper
“Apical ABA can reduce auxinmediated inhibition, whilst basal ABA enhances it.”
- Also stated in: § Set-up and measurements · plain
“When combined with apical 1 mM NAA, the ABA enhances inhibition when supplied basally, reduces it when supplied apically, and has little effect when supplied to both sides (c).”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > The role of abscisic acid
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The hormone concentrations used in the assay (e.g., 1 mM NAA, 3 mM ABA) are within a physiological range and their effects reflect natural hormonal roles.
- Also stated in: § Set-up and measurements · plain
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In the paper
“It was also noted that buds on nodal sections from the Landsberg erecta ecotype grew out more slowly than those of Columbia, and hence the difference between auxin-treated and control buds is reduced.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > The effect of ethylene and ABA on auxin-mediated inhibition
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“The growth curve for lateral buds from node 1 on intact Columbia plants grown in sterile culture, under the same light and temperature regimes, was more linear than for the excised nodes (Figure 2).Initially growth rates were similar, but although the growth rate of lateral shoots on excised nodes accelerated after 72 h, the comparative growth of lateral shoots on intact plants was signi®cantly Sl”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Growth of excised buds
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The assay allows study of the effects of both apical and basal hormone applications on the growth of buds on excised nodal sections.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Abstract Apically derived auxin has long been known to inhibit lateral bud growth, but since it appears not to enter the bud, it has been proposed that its inhibitory effect is mediated by a second messenger.Candidates include the plant hormones ethylene, cytokinin and abscisic acid.We have developed a new assay to study this phenomenon using the model plant Arabidopsis.The assay allows study of the effects of both apical and basal hormone applications on the growth of buds on excised nodal sections.We have shown that apical auxin can inhibit the growth of small buds, but larger buds were found to have lost competence to respond.We have used the assay with nodes from wild-type and hormonesignalling mutants to test the role of ethylene, cytokinin and abscisic acid in bud inhibition by apical auxin.Our data eliminate ethylene as a second messenger for auxin-mediated bud inhibition.Similarly, abscisic acid signalling is not to be required for auxin action, although basally applied abscisic can enhance inhibition by apical auxin and apically applied abscisic acid can reduce it.By contrast, basally applied cytokinin was found to release lateral buds from inhibition by apical auxin, while apically applied cytokinin dramatically increased the duration of inhibition.These results are consistent with cytokinin acting independently to regulate bud growth, rather than as a second messenger for auxin.However, in the absence of cytokinin-signalling mutants, a role for cytokinin as a second messenger for auxin cannot be ruled out.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
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In the paper
“Our data eliminate ethylene as a second messenger for auxin-mediated bud inhibition.”
- Also stated in: § The effect of ethylene and ABA on auxin-mediated inhibition · plain
“Hence ethylene biosynthesis and ethylene action do not mediate auxin inhibition of lateral bud growth.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Abstract Apically derived auxin has long been known to inhibit lateral bud growth, but since it appears not to enter the bud, it has been proposed that its inhibitory effect is mediated by a second messenger.Candidates include the plant hormones ethylene, cytokinin and abscisic acid.We have developed a new assay to study this phenomenon using the model plant Arabidopsis.The assay allows study of the effects of both apical and basal hormone applications on the growth of buds on excised nodal sections.We have shown that apical auxin can inhibit the growth of small buds, but larger buds were found to have lost competence to respond.We have used the assay with nodes from wild-type and hormonesignalling mutants to test the role of ethylene, cytokinin and abscisic acid in bud inhibition by apical auxin.Our data eliminate ethylene as a second messenger for auxin-mediated bud inhibition.Similarly, abscisic acid signalling is not to be required for auxin action, although basally applied abscisic can enhance inhibition by apical auxin and apically applied abscisic acid can reduce it.By contrast, basally applied cytokinin was found to release lateral buds from inhibition by apical auxin, while apically applied cytokinin dramatically increased the duration of inhibition.These results are consistent with cytokinin acting independently to regulate bud growth, rather than as a second messenger for auxin.However, in the absence of cytokinin-signalling mutants, a role for cytokinin as a second messenger for auxin cannot be ruled out.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The etr1 mutant is ethylene-insensitive.
- Rests on an assumption: AVG inhibits ethylene biosynthesis.
- Also stated in: § The effect of ethylene and ABA on auxin-mediated inhibition · plain
In the paper
“The export of cytokinins from roots has been shown to be in¯uenced by apical auxin, and this has led to the hypothesis that inhibition by apical auxin is mediated wholly or partly by its in¯uence on cytokinin export from the roots (Bangerth, 1994).”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > The role of cytokinin
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bangerth, 1994 source
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Wickson and Thimann (1958) observed that buds on nodal sections of Pisum sativum immersed in nutrient solutions were inhibited for approximately the same period over a range of IAA concentrations.The buds would `breakaway' after 5 days, but their subsequent growth was slower at higher IAA concentrations.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Auxin and bud outgrowth Our data show a direct relationship between the concentration of apical auxin and the duration of the inhibition of bud outgrowth (Figure 3).Other workers have found that increasing the concentration of auxin applied to the cut stump of decapitated plants (Thimann, 1937;Went, 1939), or to the apical end of explants (Tamas et al., 1989), decreases the ®nal length of lateral buds.Wickson and Thimann (1958) observed that buds on nodal sections of Pisum sativum immersed in nutrient solutions were inhibited for approximately the same period over a range of IAA concentrations.The buds would `breakaway' after 5 days, but their subsequent growth was slower at higher IAA concentrations.In contrast, we have found that, when apical NAA is applied, the time to breakaway increases as the concentration is raised from 0.1 to 10 mM, often with little difference in the subsequent rate of outgrowth (Figure 3b).The mechanism behind this concentrationdependent timing of breakaway is unclear.A decline in the sensitivity of some auxin-responsive tissues may occur, or the ability of the nodal sections to take up and/or transport auxin may diminish with time and the build-up of callus at the cut stump.Perhaps a substance accumulates that counteracts inhibition by auxin.For instance, cells at the base of the nodal sections that have begun to differentiate into root tissue may begin to synthesize and release cytokinins.We have established that there is no signi®cant decrease in the potency of the NAA in the split plates during the course of the experiment.Plates used in the assay for 8 days were replenished with fresh nodal sections and were found to inhibit bud outgrowth for as long as fresh plates (data not shown). The assay has also revealed a trend for decreasing sensitivity to inhibition by apical auxin as lateral bud size increases.We have found that some of the larger buds (2± 5 mm), which appear unresponsive to 1 mM NAA, can be inhibited by higher concentrations of apical NAA, but that even 10 mM NAA may not inhibit buds longer than 5 mm (data not shown).Therefore, it appears that, with increasing size, buds loose competence to respond to auxin.The molecular basis for this change is unknown.One possibility is that the transition to auxin resistance corresponds to the establishment of auxin synthesis and transport in the developing bud as suggested by Snow (1937).Certainly, auxin levels increase as buds begin to grow (Gocal et al., 1991;Hillman, 1984;Pearce et al., 1995), and bud activity correlates with the presence of active polar auxin transport (Morris and Johnson, 1990;Morris, 1977). Supplying apical NPA prevented inhibition by apical NAA.This supports the conclusion reached by Tamas et al. (1989) that basipetal auxin transport from the apex is required for bud growth inhibition.In addition, our observation that basally supplied auxins failed to inhibit lateral bud outgrowth is in agreement with their ®ndings.However, they also found that supplying basal IAA to bean nodal explants could relieve inhibition by apical IAA, which is contrary to our results using NAA.This may re¯ect a difference in the action of these speci®c auxins (e.g.uptake into cells), or in the responses of the two species to basal auxin.The difference in the effects of basally and apically supplied auxin is not explained by a difference in the quantity of hormone reaching the bud.By the addition of dyes, we have established that there is signi®cant bulk ¯ow of solutes from the basal media block to the cauline leaf and later to the growing bud in the transpiration stream (data not shown).However, dye supplied in the apical media block did not appear in the leaf or bud.In addition, Lim and Tamas (1989) used 14 C-IAA to show that the quantity of IAA transported to the bud from the cut apical surface of explants did not exceed that reaching the bud from the basal end.We were able to con®rm this result for Arabidopsis explants using 14 C-IAA in our own assay (data not shown).
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wickson and Thimann (1958) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The assay we have developed allows various combinations of plant hormones and/or phytotropins and/or metabolic inhibitors to be supplied to each side of the node separately.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Other workers have found that increasing the concentration of auxin applied to the cut stump of decapitated plants (Thimann, 1937;Went, 1939), or to the apical end of explants (Tamas et al., 1989), decreases the ®nal length of lateral buds.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Auxin and bud outgrowth Our data show a direct relationship between the concentration of apical auxin and the duration of the inhibition of bud outgrowth (Figure 3).Other workers have found that increasing the concentration of auxin applied to the cut stump of decapitated plants (Thimann, 1937;Went, 1939), or to the apical end of explants (Tamas et al., 1989), decreases the ®nal length of lateral buds.Wickson and Thimann (1958) observed that buds on nodal sections of Pisum sativum immersed in nutrient solutions were inhibited for approximately the same period over a range of IAA concentrations.The buds would `breakaway' after 5 days, but their subsequent growth was slower at higher IAA concentrations.In contrast, we have found that, when apical NAA is applied, the time to breakaway increases as the concentration is raised from 0.1 to 10 mM, often with little difference in the subsequent rate of outgrowth (Figure 3b).The mechanism behind this concentrationdependent timing of breakaway is unclear.A decline in the sensitivity of some auxin-responsive tissues may occur, or the ability of the nodal sections to take up and/or transport auxin may diminish with time and the build-up of callus at the cut stump.Perhaps a substance accumulates that counteracts inhibition by auxin.For instance, cells at the base of the nodal sections that have begun to differentiate into root tissue may begin to synthesize and release cytokinins.We have established that there is no signi®cant decrease in the potency of the NAA in the split plates during the course of the experiment.Plates used in the assay for 8 days were replenished with fresh nodal sections and were found to inhibit bud outgrowth for as long as fresh plates (data not shown). The assay has also revealed a trend for decreasing sensitivity to inhibition by apical auxin as lateral bud size increases.We have found that some of the larger buds (2± 5 mm), which appear unresponsive to 1 mM NAA, can be inhibited by higher concentrations of apical NAA, but that even 10 mM NAA may not inhibit buds longer than 5 mm (data not shown).Therefore, it appears that, with increasing size, buds loose competence to respond to auxin.The molecular basis for this change is unknown.One possibility is that the transition to auxin resistance corresponds to the establishment of auxin synthesis and transport in the developing bud as suggested by Snow (1937).Certainly, auxin levels increase as buds begin to grow (Gocal et al., 1991;Hillman, 1984;Pearce et al., 1995), and bud activity correlates with the presence of active polar auxin transport (Morris and Johnson, 1990;Morris, 1977). Supplying apical NPA prevented inhibition by apical NAA.This supports the conclusion reached by Tamas et al. (1989) that basipetal auxin transport from the apex is required for bud growth inhibition.In addition, our observation that basally supplied auxins failed to inhibit lateral bud outgrowth is in agreement with their ®ndings.However, they also found that supplying basal IAA to bean nodal explants could relieve inhibition by apical IAA, which is contrary to our results using NAA.This may re¯ect a difference in the action of these speci®c auxins (e.g.uptake into cells), or in the responses of the two species to basal auxin.The difference in the effects of basally and apically supplied auxin is not explained by a difference in the quantity of hormone reaching the bud.By the addition of dyes, we have established that there is signi®cant bulk ¯ow of solutes from the basal media block to the cauline leaf and later to the growing bud in the transpiration stream (data not shown).However, dye supplied in the apical media block did not appear in the leaf or bud.In addition, Lim and Tamas (1989) used 14 C-IAA to show that the quantity of IAA transported to the bud from the cut apical surface of explants did not exceed that reaching the bud from the basal end.We were able to con®rm this result for Arabidopsis explants using 14 C-IAA in our own assay (data not shown).
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Kinetin has also been found to enhance the movement of 32 P and 14 C-sucrose towards the cut stump to which IAA has been applied (Seth and Wareing, 1964).”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > The role of cytokinin
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Seth and Wareing, 1964 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In plants, the roots are believed to be the major site of cytokinin synthesis (Chen et al., 1985), and to export these substances to the shoot via the xylem.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > The role of cytokinin
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Chen et al., 1985 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Further evidence for a role for ABA in regulating bud growth comes from analysis of the era1 mutant of Arabidopsis which has an enhanced response to ABA and reduced branching (Pei et al., 1998).”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > The role of abscisic acid
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pei et al., 1998 source
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Individuals were excluded from the data set if the growing bud had touched the medium, if the cut end of the internode had been pushed out of the medium by elongation of the stem, if condensation may have bridged the gap between the two media blocks, or where microbial contamination was visible on the plate.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Set-up and measurements
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All of the data displayed in this paper represent the growth responses of lateral buds from node 1.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Excising the nodes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This trough was checked carefully for any bridges between the two media blocks and dried in the laminar ¯ow hood, parallel to the air¯ow, for a further 30 min.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Split plate production
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Cytokinins have been shown to stimulate bud outgrowth when applied to the lateral buds of plants with an intact apex, or to decapitated plants to which inhibitory concentrations of apical auxin were applied (Mok, 1994).”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > The role of cytokinin
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mok, 1994
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The plates were then left at 4°C for at least 72 h to allow the hormone to diffuse evenly throughout the media.”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Split plate production
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
The etr1 mutant is ethylene-insensitive.
“the ethylene-insensitive mutant etr1”
The paper relies on this without support.
The abi1-1 and abi2-1 mutants are ABA-insensitive.
“the ABA-insensitive mutants abi1-1 and abi2-1”
The paper relies on this without support.
AVG inhibits ethylene biosynthesis.
“the ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor, aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG)”
The paper relies on this without support.
The etr1, abi1, and abi2 mutants used are specific and effective in blocking ethylene action and ABA signalling, respectively, in the assayed buds.
“Our own data, from experiments with AVG and the etr1 mutant, demonstrate that ethylene biosynthesis and ethylene action, respectively, are not required for inhibition of bud outgrowth by apical auxin.”
“Buds from the ABA-insensitive mutants abi1 and abi2 have a wild-type response to apical NAA in the assay.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The excised nodal section assay reproduces the hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in intact Arabidopsis plants.
“The assay that we have developed, combined with the wide range of Arabidopsis mutants available, is proving a valuable method for investigating the roles of different hormones in the inhibition and outgrowth of lateral buds in Arabidopsis.”
“A comparison of the rates of lateral bud outgrowth from the lowest node of intact Arabidopsis plants (Columbia ecotype) and from the same node on excised untreated sections.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The hormone concentrations used in the assay (e.g., 1 mM NAA, 3 mM ABA) are within a physiological range and their effects reflect natural hormonal roles.
“However, it is also possible that one or more of the observed responses to ABA may be non-physiological, due perhaps to the concentration of the mixed isomers used and/or contact with ectopic tissues.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > The effect of NPA on auxin-mediated inhibition
“When the polar transport inhibitor 1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) was supplied apically (1 mM), inhibition by 1 mM apical NAA was partially relieved (Figure 4b).”
§ The hormonal regulation of axillary bud growth in Arabidopsis > Auxin and bud outgrowth
“Supplying apical NPA prevented inhibition by apical NAA.”
Citations
Cites
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Arabidopsis BRANCHED1 Acts as an Integrator of Branching Signals within Axillary Buds
Aguilar-Martínez, J. A., Poza-Carrión, C., & Cubas, P. (2007) · The Plant Cell · doi:10.1105/tpc.106.048934 · Cited by 883
“The auxin:cytokinin ratio is a strong determinant of the degree of lateral shoot outgrowth (Sachs and Thimann, 1967; Chatfield et al., 2000).”
BackgroundInfluentialFranklin, K. A. (2008) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02507.x · Cited by 801
“These include elongation growth and apical dominance, processes commonly associated with shade avoidance (Chatfield et al., 2000; Sawa et al., 2002).”
BackgroundLin, H., Wang, R., Qian, Q., Yan, M., Meng, X., Fu, Z., Yan, C., Jiang, B., Su, Z., Li, J., et al. (2009) · The Plant Cell · doi:10.1105/tpc.109.065987 · Cited by 670
“outgrowth of tiller buds of the wild type was significantly promoted, which is consistent with the long-established concept that too little auxin transport also leads to an increased shoot branching (Chatfield et al., 2000).”
BackgroundMolecular Basis of Plant Architecture
Wang, Y., & Li, J. (2008) · Annual Review of Plant Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092902 · Cited by 655
Hormonal Interactions in the Regulation of Plant Development
Vanstraelen, M., & Benková, E. (2012) · Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-101011-155741 · Cited by 650
DWARF10 , an RMS1/MAX4/DAD1 ortholog, controls lateral bud outgrowth in rice
Arite, T., Iwata, H., Ohshima, K., Maekawa, M., Nakajima, M., Kojima, M., Sakakibara, H., & Kyozuka, J. (2007) · The Plant Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2007.03210.x · Cited by 618
Sorefan, K., Booker, J., Haurogné, K., Goussot, M., Bainbridge, K., Foo, E., Chatfield, S., Ward, S., Beveridge, C., Rameau, C., et al. (2003) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.256603 · Cited by 604
“This substance is very unlikely to be ABA because of the lack of ABA-related phenotypes in max4 mutants (data not shown) and the lack of requirement for ABA in auxin-mediated inhibition of bud outgrowth (Chatfield et al. 2000).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationBooker, J., Auldridge, M. E., Wills, S., McCarty, D. R., Klee, H. J., & Leyser, O. (2004) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.06.061 · Cited by 597
Self-citationBooker, J., Sieberer, T., Wright, W. J., Williamson, L. C., Willett, B., Stirnberg, P., Turnbull, C. G. N., Srinivasan, M., Goddard, P., & Leyser, O. (2005) · Developmental Cell · doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2005.01.009 · Cited by 556
Self-citationAuxin, cytokinin and the control of shoot branching
Müller, D., & Leyser, O. (2011) · Annals of Botany · doi:10.1093/aob/mcr069 · Cited by 545
Self-citationThe microRNA regulated SBP-box genes SPL9 and SPL15 control shoot maturation in Arabidopsis
Schwarz, Š., Grande, A. V., Bujdoso, N., Saedler, H., & Huijser, P. (2008) · Plant Molecular Biology · doi:10.1007/s11103-008-9310-z · Cited by 522
Auxin controls local cytokinin biosynthesis in the nodal stem in apical dominance
Tanaka, M., Takei, K., Kojima, M., Sakakibara, H., & Mori, H. (2006) · The Plant Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2006.02656.x · Cited by 512
The Arabidopsis MAX Pathway Controls Shoot Branching by Regulating Auxin Transport
Bennett, T., Sieberer, T., Willett, B., Booker, J., Luschnig, C., & Leyser, O. (2006) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2006.01.058 · Cited by 488
Self-citationXu, M., Zhu, L., Shou, H., & Wu, P. (2005) · Plant and Cell Physiology · doi:10.1093/pcp/pci183 · Cited by 495
Antagonistic action of strigolactone and cytokinin in bud outgrowth control
Dun, E. A., de Saint Germain, A., Rameau, C., & Beveridge, C. A. (2012) · Plant Physiology · doi:10.1104/pp.111.186783 · Cited by 466
“The growth of activated wild-type Arabidopsis buds on isolated nodal segments in split-plate assays is accelerated by basal treatment with 6-benzylaminopurine (BA; synthetic CK) to the medium (Chatfield et al., 2000).”
BackgroundGiliberto, L., Perrotta, G., Pallara, P., Weller, J. L., Fraser, P. D., Bramley, P. M., Fiore, A., Tavazza, M., & Giuliano, G. (2004) · PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · doi:10.1104/pp.104.051987 · Cited by 425
“Apical dominance is a complex phenomenon involving the hormones auxin and cytokinin (Chatfield et al., 2000) as well as other, yet unidentified signaling molecules (Booker et al., 2004).”
BackgroundZou, J., Zhang, S., Zhang, W., Li, G., Chen, Z., Zhai, W., Zhao, X. F., Pan, X., Xie, Q., & Zhu, L. (2006) · The Plant Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2006.02916.x · Cited by 433
“Apically derived auxin is known to regulate shoot branching by inhibiting the activity of axillary meristems in Arabidopsis, and many other plants (Chatfield et al., 2000), but its mechanism of action is complex and indirect (reviewed by Leyser, 2003). Xu et al. (2005) reported that, in OsPIN1 RNAi transgenic plants,…”
BackgroundStrigolactones enhance competition between shoot branches by dampening auxin transport
Crawford, S., Shinohara, N., Sieberer, T., Williamson, L., George, G., Hepworth, J., Müller, D., Domagalska, M. A., & Leyser, O. (2010) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.051987 · Cited by 384
“We therefore investigated the ability of 5 M basal GR24 to inhibit bud activation in the presence of 0.5 M apical NAA, which usually inhibits bud outgrowth for about 3 days (Chatfield et al., 2000).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationHormonal control of shoot branching
Ongaro, V., & Leyser, O. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Botany · doi:10.1093/jxb/erm134 · Cited by 373
“Downloaded from http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org by on 26 February 2010 transpiration stream can release Arabidopsis buds from inhibition imposed by apical auxin ( Chatfield et al., 2000 ).”
MethodSelf-citationAuldridge, M. E., Block, A. K., Vogel, J. T., Dabney‐Smith, C., Mila, I., Bouzayen, M., Magallanes‐Lundback, M., DellaPenna, D., McCarty, D. R., & Klee, H. J. (2006) · The Plant Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2006.02666.x · Cited by 369
“While ABA has been implicated in bud inhibition (Chatfield et al., 2000), none of the NCED loss-of-function mutants display a shoot branching phenotype (B.”
BackgroundMultiple pathways regulate shoot branching
Rameau, C., Bertheloot, J., Leduc, N., Andrieu, B., Foucher, F., & Sakr, S. (2015) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2014.00741 · Cited by 357
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Self-citationControl of Outgrowth and Dormancy in Axillary Buds
Shimizu‐Sato, S., & Mori, H. (2001) · PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · doi:10.1104/pp.010841 · Cited by 364
Barbier, F. F., Péron, T., Lecerf, M., Pérez-Garcia, M.-D., Barrière, Q., Rolc̆ı́k, J., Boutet‐Mercey, S., Citerne, S., Lemoine, R., Porcheron, B., et al. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Botany · doi:10.1093/jxb/erv047 · Cited by 309
“To monitor sugar availability for buds, we cultivated bud-bearing stem segments in vitro and supplied them with different sugar conditions, including different sucrose concentrations and non-metabolizable sucrose analogues (Chatfield et al., 2000; Henry et al., 2011; Rabot et al., 2012).”
MethodBRANCHED1 Promotes Axillary Bud Dormancy in Response to Shade in Arabidopsis
González-Grandío, E., Poza-Carrión, C., Sorzano, C. O. S., & Cubas, P. (2013) · The Plant Cell · doi:10.1105/tpc.112.108480 · Cited by 272
“Direct ABA applications support a role of ABA in bud suppression (Chatfield et al., 2000), but the genetic evidence is contradictory: Arabidopsis sextuple mutants for six ABA receptors (PYR1, PYL1, PYL2, PYL4, PYL5, and PYL8), which display dramatically impaired ABA-dependent gene expression (Gonzalez-Guzman et al.”
BackgroundHubbard, L., McSteen, P., Doebley, J., & Hake, S. (2002) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/162.4.1927 · Cited by 272
An analysis of sucker regeneration of trembling aspen
Frey, B. R., Lieffers, V. J., Landhäusser, S. M., et al. (2003) · Canadian Journal of Forest Research · doi:10.1139/x03-053 · Cited by 268
The Arabidopsis transcription factor HY5 integrates light and hormone signaling pathways
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The control of shoot branching: an example of plant information processing
Leyser, O. (2009) · Plant Cell & Environment · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.01930.x · Cited by 263
“Consistent with a role for this pathway in bud regulation, AXR1 is necessary for the full inhibition of Arabidopsis buds by apical auxin (Chatfield et al. 2000).”
BackgroundSelf-citationImproving Lodging Resistance: Using Wheat and Rice as Classical Examples
Shah, L., Yahya, M., Shah, S. M. A., Nadeem, M., Ali, A. R., Ali, A., Wang, J., Riaz, M. W., Rehman, S., Wu, W., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20174211 · Cited by 253
Auxin cross-talk: integration of signalling pathways to control plant development
Swarup, R., Parry, G., Graham, N. S., Allen, T., & Bennett, M. J. (2002) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-010-0377-3_12 · Cited by 252
“The ratio hypothesis has been extended to the intact plant to explain other hormone-regulated developmental processes such as apical dominance (Chatfield et al., 2000; Kotov and Kotova, 2000; Emery et al., 1998).”
BackgroundRegulation of shoot branching by auxin
Leyser, O. (2003) · Trends in Plant Science · doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2003.09.008 · Cited by 237
Self-citationApical Dominance and Shoot Branching. Divergent Opinions or Divergent Mechanisms?
Dun, E. A., Ferguson, B. J., & Beveridge, C. A. (2006) · Plant Physiology · doi:10.1104/pp.106.086868 · Cited by 227
“Tamas et al. (1989) and Chatfield et al. (2000) showed that apical application of NPA prevents the inhibitory effect of auxin on bud outgrowth in detached stem segments of Phaseolus and Arabidopsis, respectively.”
BackgroundAuxin Acts in Xylem-Associated or Medullary Cells to Mediate Apical Dominance
Booker, J., Chatfield, S. P., & Leyser, O. (2003) · The Plant Cell · doi:10.1105/tpc.007542 · Cited by 221
“The response of isolated cauline nodes to auxin was determined using the split-plate assay as described by Chatfield et al. (2000).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationAbscisic Acid Is a General Negative Regulator of Arabidopsis Axillary Bud Growth
Yao, C., & Finlayson, S. A. (2015) · PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · doi:10.1104/pp.15.00682 · Cited by 203
“These results are in general agreementwith a previous study that proposed a role for ABA in inhibiting auxin transport in Arabidopsis stem segments (Chatfield et al., 2000).”
BackgroundResultCytokinin Targets Auxin Transport to Promote Shoot Branching
Waldie, T., & Leyser, O. (2018) · PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · doi:10.1104/pp.17.01691 · Cited by 205
“For testing bud responses to NAA, BA, and GR24, plants were grown under sterile conditions and one-node assays were performed as described previously (Chatfield et al., 2000; Müller et al., 2015).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationControl of axillary bud initiation and shoot architecture in Arabidopsis through the SUPERSHOOT gene
Tantikanjana, T., Yong, J. W. H., Letham, D. S., Griffith, M., Hussain, M., Ljung, K., Sandberg, G., & Sundaresan, V. (2001) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.887301 · Cited by 194
“Experimental procedures applied to this problem have progressed from classic studies with exogenous application of hormones, to more recent studies of transgenic plants transformed with bacterial hormone biosynthesis genes (Morris 1986; Tamas 1995; Chatfield et al. 2000; Hedden and Phillips 2000).”
BackgroundHormonal regulation of branching in grasses
McSteen, P. (2009) · Plant Physiology · doi:10.1104/pp.108.129056 · Cited by 193
Zheng, M., Zhang, L. N., Tang, M., Liu, J., Liu, H., Yang, H., Fan, S., Terzaghi, W., Wang, H., & Hua, W. (2019) · Plant Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1111/pbi.13228 · Cited by 196
“Auxin probably partially reduces cytokinin export from roots and synthesis at the node, thus inhibiting bud growth (Chatfield et al., 2000; Nordstrom et al., 2004).”
BackgroundEthylene and Auxin Control the Arabidopsis Response to Decreased Light Intensity
Vandenbussche, F., Vriezen, W. H., Smalle, J., et al. (2003) · PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · doi:10.1104/pp.103.022665 · Cited by 188
“These responses also can be induced by auxins (Smalle et al., 1997; Chatfield et al., 2000; Sawa et al., 1 This work was supported by the Fund for Scientific Research (Flanders; grants no.”
BackgroundCytokinin is required for escape but not release from auxin mediated apical dominance
Müller, D., Waldie, T., Miyawaki, K. N., To, J. P. C., Melnyk, C. W., Kieber, J. J., Kakimoto, T., & Leyser, O. (2015) · The Plant Journal · doi:10.1111/tpj.12862 · Cited by 185
“These results are consistent with previous observations that CKs have relatively little effect on the outgrowth of isolated buds, but they can overcome the suppressive effect of apical auxin (Chatfield et al., 2000).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationShoot and inflorescence branching
Schmitz, G., & Theres, K. (2005) · Current Opinion in Plant Biology · doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2005.07.010 · Cited by 172
“The influence of both auxin and cytokinin was confirmed in isolated Arabidopsis inflorescence nodes [28].”
BackgroundAuxin cross-talk: integration of signalling pathways to control plant development
Swarup, R., Parry, G., Graham, N. S., Allen, T., & Bennett, M. J. (2002) · Plant Molecular Biology · doi:10.1023/a:1015250929138 · Cited by 171
“The ratio hypothesis has been extended to the intact plant to explain other hormone-regulated developmental processes such as apical dominance (Chatfield et al., 2000; Kotov and Kotova, 2000; Emery et al., 1998).”
BackgroundTsui, M. M. K., & York, J. D. (2009) · Advances in Enzyme Regulation · doi:10.1016/j.advenzreg.2009.12.002 · Cited by 165
“axillary bud growth and hence axillary shoot branching (Chatfield et al., 2000; Napoli et al., 1999).”
BackgroundMediation of Herbicide Effects by Hormone Interactions
Großmann, K. (2003) · Journal of Plant Growth Regulation · doi:10.1007/s00344-003-0020-0 · Cited by 161
Connective Auxin Transport in the Shoot Facilitates Communication between Shoot Apices
Bennett, T., Hines, G., van Rongen, M., Waldie, T., Sawchuk, M. G., Scarpella, E., Ljung, K., & Leyser, O. (2016) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002446 · Cited by 160
“Plates containing 55 ml of ATS-agar (no sucrose) [79] were made, from which a 1 cm band was removed when set, leaving two 25 ml blocks of agar (after [40]).”
MethodSelf-citationSugar availability suppresses the auxin‐induced strigolactone pathway to promote bud outgrowth
Bertheloot, J., Barbier, F. F., Boudon, F., Pérez-Garcia, M.-D., Péron, T., Citerne, S., Dun, E. A., Beveridge, C. A., Godin, C., & Sakr, S. (2019) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/nph.16201 · Cited by 163
Degenhardt, R. F., & Bonham‐Smith, P. C. (2008) · PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · doi:10.1104/pp.107.111799 · Cited by 156
“As RPL23aA-ihp-4 has aberrant phyllotaxis, apical dominance, and root development, all of which are auxin-mediated processes (Reed et al., 1998; Chatfield et al., 2000; Reinhardt, 2005), we investigated whether vascular patterning was also disrupted.”
BackgroundStrigolactone regulates shoot development through a core signalling pathway
Bennett, T., Liang, Y., Seale, M., Ward, S. P., Müller, D., & Leyser, O. (2016) · Biology Open · doi:10.1242/bio.021402 · Cited by 154
“5 mm in length were excised and placed between two agar blocks, to which hormones could be added independently (Chatfield et al., 2000).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationAbscisic Acid Regulates Axillary Bud Outgrowth Responses to the Ratio of Red to Far-Red Light
Reddy, S. K., Holalu, S. V., Casal, J. J., & Finlayson, S. A. (2013) · PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · doi:10.1104/pp.113.221895 · Cited by 157
“However, several studies using exogenous ABA (Arney and Mitchell, 1969; Chatfield et al., 2000; Cline and Oh, 2006), the carotenoid (and ABA) biosynthesis inhibitor fluridone (Le Bris et al., 1999), or excised nodes of transgenic ABA-insensitive plants (Arend et al., 2009) have implied a role for…”
BackgroundAgustí, J., Lichtenberger, R., Schwarz, M., Nehlin, L., & Greb, T. (2011) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001312 · Cited by 146
“Ex planta tissue-culture systems have been used very successfully for analyzing various plant developmental processes [38,42,51,52], demonstrating the robustness of plant organ dynamics when exposed to selected key signals.”
BackgroundMethodHormonally controlled expression of the Arabidopsis MAX4 shoot branching regulatory gene
Bainbridge, K., Sorefan, K., Ward, S., & Leyser, O. (2005) · The Plant Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2005.02548.x · Cited by 143
Self-citationZou, J., Chen, Z., Zhang, S., Zhang, W., Jiang, G., Zhao, X. F., Zhai, W., Pan, X., & Zhu, L. (2005) · Planta · doi:10.1007/s00425-005-0007-0 · Cited by 136
“(Cline 1991; Chatfield et al. 2000 ), but, as shown in the present study, we could not find possible relations between the high tillering characteristic of the htd-1 mutant and the two plant hormones IAA and ABA.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialGrowth and productivity of potato as influenced by cultivar and reproductive growth
Tekalign, T., & Hammes, P. S. (2005) · Scientia Horticulturae · doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2005.01.021 · Cited by 136
“Chatfield et al. (2000) reported that shoot apical meristem maintains its role as the primary site of growth by inhibiting the growth of axillary meristems.”
BackgroundLight and Plant Growth Regulators on In Vitro Proliferation
Cavallaro, V., Pellegrino, A., Muleo, R., & Forgione, I. (2022) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants11070844 · Cited by 143
Strigolactone regulation of shoot branching in chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum)
Liang, J., Zhao, L., CHALLIS, R. J., & Leyser, O. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Botany · doi:10.1093/jxb/erq133 · Cited by 130
“The hormone responses of buds on isolated stem segments were assessed using the method described by Chatfield et al. (2000).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationSeale, M., Bennett, T., & Leyser, O. (2017) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.145649 · Cited by 121
“Plants were grown axenically and stem segments bearing one cauline node with an associated bud less than 1.5 mm were excised and inserted between two agar slabs in a Petri dish (Chatfield et al., 2000).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationRuonala, R., Rinne, P., Baghour, M., Möritz, T., Tuominen, H., & Kangasjärvi, J. (2006) · The Plant Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2006.02722.x · Cited by 118
“The indirect effect of auxin appears not to be relayed by ethylene in Arabidopsis (Chatfield et al., 2000).”
BackgroundLight Signaling in Bud Outgrowth and Branching in Plants
Leduc, N., Roman, H., Barbier, F. F., Péron, T., Huché‐Thélier, L., Lothier, J., Demotes‐Mainard, S., & Sakr, S. (2014) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants3020223 · Cited by 124
“The involvement of ABA as a possible inhibitor of shoot branching has been considered, based on the facts that (i) increased auxin levels go along with higher ABA levels in axillary buds [158–160]; (ii) ABA levels in dormant axillary buds decrease in response to decapitation of the main shoot [159,161]; and (iii) exog…”
BackgroundWard, S. P., & Leyser, O. (2003) · Current Opinion in Plant Biology · doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2003.10.002 · Cited by 113
Self-citationPhotosynthetic leaf area modulates tiller bud outgrowth in sorghum
Kebrom, T. H., & Mullet, J. E. (2014) · Plant Cell & Environment · doi:10.1111/pce.12500 · Cited by 109
Barbier, F. F., Cao, D., Fichtner, F., Weiste, C., Pérez-Garcia, M.-D., Caradeuc, M., Gourrierec, J. L., Sakr, S., & Beveridge, C. A. (2021) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/nph.17427 · Cited by 101
Strigolactone Inhibition of Branching Independent of Polar Auxin Transport
Brewer, P. B., Dun, E. A., Gui, R., Mason, M. G., & Beveridge, C. A. (2015) · PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · doi:10.1104/pp.15.00014 · Cited by 100
Li, X., Chen, X., Guo, X., Yin, L., Ahammed, G. J., Xu, C., Chen, K., Liu, C., Xia, X., Shi, K., et al. (2015) · Plant Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1111/pbi.12474 · Cited by 91
Schneider, A., Godin, C., Boudon, F., Demotes‐Mainard, S., Sakr, S., & Bertheloot, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2019.01296 · Cited by 108
“…of bud outgrowth was long hypothesized based on the observations that exogenous ABA supply inhibits bud outgrowth (White and Mansfield, 1977; Chatfield et al., 2000; Cline and Oh, 2006; Corot et al., 2017; Yuan et al., 2018) and that the bud ABA content is negatively correlated to the bud…”
BackgroundABA and Bud Dormancy in Perennials: Current Knowledge and Future Perspective
Pan, W., Liang, J., Sui, J., Li, J., Liu, C., Xin, Y., Zhang, Y., Wang, S., Zhao, Y., Zhang, J., et al. (2021) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes12101635 · Cited by 99
Auxin and cytokinin coordinate the dormancy and outgrowth of axillary bud in strawberry runner
Qiu, Y., Guan, S., Wen, C., Li, P., Gao, Z., & Chen, X. (2019) · BMC Plant Biology · doi:10.1186/s12870-019-2151-x · Cited by 94
Exogenous hormonal application improves grain yield of wheat by optimizing tiller productivity
Cai, T., Xu, H., Peng, D., et al. (2013) · Field Crops Research · doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2013.09.008 · Cited by 91
Cai, T., Meng, X., Liu, X., Liu, T., Wang, H., Jia, Z., Yang, D., & Ren, X. (2018) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.01886 · Cited by 88
“, 2014), hormones play key roles in the development of wheat tillering, and the external application of hormones can regulate the occurrence and growth of tillers (Chatfield et al., 2000; Liu et al., 2011b).”
BackgroundPeng, M., Cui, Y., Bi, Y., & Rothstein, S. J. (2006) · The Plant Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2006.02691.x · Cited by 85
“for an auxin effect on axillary bud outgrowth was carried out using a split plate system (Chatfield et al., 2000).”
MethodPhytochrome B Promotes Branching in Arabidopsis by Suppressing Auxin Signaling
Reddy, S. K., & Finlayson, S. A. (2014) · PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · doi:10.1104/pp.113.234021 · Cited by 83
“Vol. 164, 2014 phyB Axillary Bud Outgrowth Shows Elevated Sensitivity to Auxin To explore whether the branching defect in phyB was a result of increased auxin responsiveness, a split plate bud outgrowth assay (Chatfield et al., 2000) was conducted.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAuxin signalling: the beginning, the middle and the end
Leyser, O. (2001) · Current Opinion in Plant Biology · doi:10.1016/s1369-5266(00)00189-8 · Cited by 78
Self-citationSuppression of a Vegetative MADS Box Gene of Potato Activates Axillary Meristem Development
Rosin, F. M., Hart, J. K., Onckelen, H. A. V., & Hannapel, D. J. (2003) · PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · doi:10.1104/pp.102.012500 · Cited by 76
“Chatfield et al. (2000) demonstrated that basipetal auxin transport was a potent inhibitor of axillary meristem growth.”
BackgroundEthylene‐triggered abscisic acid: A principle in plant growth regulation?
Großmann, K., & Hansen, H. (2001) · Physiologia Plantarum · doi:10.1034/j.1399-3054.2001.1130102.x · Cited by 77
Kebrom, T. H., & Mullet, J. E. (2016) · PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · doi:10.1104/pp.16.00014 · Cited by 80
“Cytokinin (CK) promotes and ABA inhibits bud outgrowth through their actions within the bud (Pillay 180 and Railton, 1983; Chatfield et al., 2000; Shimizu-Sato and Mori, 2001).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Interactions among DWARF10, Auxin and Cytokinin Underlie Lateral Bud Outgrowth in Rice
Zhang, S., Li, G., Fang, J., Chen, W., Jiang, H., Zou, J., Liu, X., Zhao, X. F., Li, X., Chu, C., et al. (2010) · Journal of Integrative Plant Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-7909.2010.00960.x · Cited by 76
“However, in Arabidopsis, there were also the cases where the elevated auxin transport in max mutants caused the increased branching phenotype (Chatfield et al. 2000; Bennett et al. 2006).”
BackgroundLessons from a century of apical dominance research
Beveridge, C. A., Rameau, C., & Yapa, A. W. (2023) · Journal of Experimental Botany · doi:10.1093/jxb/erad137 · Cited by 87
“Genetic studies indicated that ABA was not a good candidate for the secondary messenger because auxin inhibition of bud outgrowth was not affected in ABA-insensitive mutants (Chatfield et al., 2000) and ABA mutants do not collectively exhibit altered branching phenotypes.”
Axillary bud outgrowth in herbaceous shoots: how do strigolactones fit into the picture?
Waldie, T., Hayward, A. C., & Beveridge, C. A. (2010) · Plant Molecular Biology · doi:10.1007/s11103-010-9599-2 · Cited by 76
“In these isolated nodes, basally supplied cytokinin can counteract the inhibitory effect of apically supplied auxin on bud outgrowth ( Chatfield et al. 2000 ).”
BackgroundRole of Cytokinin, Strigolactone, and Auxin Export on Outgrowth of Axillary Buds in Apple
Tan, M., Li, G., Chen, X., Xing, L., Ma, J., Zhang, D., Ge, H., Han, M., Sha, G., & An, N. (2019) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2019.00616 · Cited by 77
“Exogenous auxin or endogenous auxin produced in stem tissues indirectly inhibit branching, and involving the expression of SL biosynthesis genes and repression of CK biosynthesis in stem tissues (Chatfield et al., 2000; Brewer et al., 2009; Young et al., 2014).”
BackgroundOutgrowth of the axillary bud in rose is controlled by sugar metabolism and signalling
Wang, M., Pérez-Garcia, M.-D., Davière, J., Barbier, F. F., Ogé, L., Gentilhomme, J., Voisine, L., Péron, T., Launay‐Avon, A., Clément, G., et al. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Botany · doi:10.1093/jxb/erab046 · Cited by 73
Jang, C. S., Kamps, T. L., Skinner, D., Schulze, S. R., Vencill, W. K., & Paterson, A. H. (2006) · PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · doi:10.1104/pp.106.082891 · Cited by 70
“Although auxin is recognized as an inhibitor of lateral bud growth, Chatfield et al. (2000) suggested that cytokinin may act independently as a key hormone for regulation of initiation and early outgrowth of axillary buds, such as those leading to rhizomes.”
BackgroundSekhar, S., Panda, B. B., Mohapatra, T., Das, K., Shaw, B. P., Kariali, E., & Mohapatra, P. K. (2015) · Journal of Plant Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2015.03.003 · Cited by 71
FHY3 promotes shoot branching and stress tolerance in Arabidopsis in an AXR1‐dependent manner
Stirnberg, P., Zhao, S., Williamson, L. C., Ward, S. P., & Leyser, O. (2012) · The Plant Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2012.05038.x · Cited by 69
“Secondly, increased branching in axr1 may be due to increased cytokinin biosynthesis, because auxin suppresses cytokinin biosynthesis in an AXR1-dependent manner (Nordström et al., 2004), and stem-derived cytokinin can activate bud growth (Chatfield et al., 2000).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationA Reappraisal of the Role of Abscisic Acid and its Interaction with Auxin in Apical Dominance
Cline, M. G., & OH, C. (2006) · Annals of Botany · doi:10.1093/aob/mcl173 · Cited by 67
“Chatfield et al. (2000) reported strong inhibition of lateral bud growth with basally applied ABA in Landsberg erecta but not in the Columbia ecotype of A. thaliana.”
BackgroundInfluentialWen, L., Zhong, W. J., Huo, X., Zhuang, W., Ni, Z., & Gao, Z. (2016) · The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology · doi:10.1080/14620316.2016.1160546 · Cited by 67
Suttle, J. C. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-044451018-1/50056-7 · Cited by 71
Overexpression of a petunia zinc‐finger gene alters cytokinin metabolism and plant forms
Nakagawa, H., Jiang, C., Sakakibara, H., Kojima, M., Honda, I., Ajisaka, H., Nishijima, T., Koshioka, M., Homma, T., Mander, L. N., et al. (2004) · The Plant Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2004.02316.x · Cited by 67
Signals Regulating Dormancy in Vegetative Buds
Chao, W. S., & Anderson, V. J. (2007) · Cited by 67
Tan, M., Li, G., Qi, S., Liu, X., Chen, X., Ma, J., Zhang, D., & Han, M. (2018) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2018.01.101 · Cited by 66
Wang, G., Römheld, V., Li, C., & Bangerth, F. K. (2005) · Journal of Plant Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2005.09.014 · Cited by 65
Signaling network regulating plant branching: Recent advances and new challenges
Kotov, A. A., Kotova, L. M., & Romanov, G. A. (2021) · Plant Science · doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110880 · Cited by 68
Nie, J., Wen, C., Xi, L., Lv, S., Zhao, Q., Kou, Y., Ma, N., Zhao, L., & Zhou, X. (2018) · Plant Cell Reports · doi:10.1007/s00299-018-2290-9 · Cited by 63
Little, C. H. A., MacDonald, J. E., & Olsson, O. (2002) · International Journal of Plant Sciences · doi:10.1086/339642 · Cited by 62
Cui, X., Ge, C., Wang, R., Wang, H., Chen, W., Fu, Z., Jiang, X., Li, J., & Wang, Y. (2010) · Cell Research · doi:10.1038/cr.2010.51 · Cited by 63
Holalu, S. V., & Finlayson, S. A. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Botany · doi:10.1093/jxb/erw479 · Cited by 65
“Pharmaceutical approaches have shown that exogenous ABA treatment inhibits branching in a variety of species (Arney and Mitchell, 1969; Chatfield et al., 2000; Cline and Oh, 2006), whereas the ABA biosynthesis inhibitor fluridone promoted branching in rose (Rosa hybrida) (Le Bris et al.”
BackgroundDierck, R., Keyser, E. D., Riek, J. D., Dhooghe, E., Huylenbroeck, J. V., Prinsen, E., & Straeten, D. V. D. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161732 · Cited by 68
Growth and productivity of potato as influenced by cultivar and reproductive growth
Tekalign, T., & Hammes, P. S. (2005) · Scientia Horticulturae · doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2005.01.029 · Cited by 58
Corot, A., Roman, H., Douillet, O., Autret, H., Pérez-Garcia, M.-D., Citerne, S., Bertheloot, J., Sakr, S., Leduc, N., & Demotes‐Mainard, S. (2017) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.01724 · Cited by 65
“…to the stem inhibited bud outgrowth in rose under high PPFD, i.e., in environmental conditions favorable to outgrowth, in accordance with previous data in Arabidopsis, pea, Ipomoea nil, and tomato (Arney and Mitchell, 1969; Chatfield et al., 2000; Cline and Oh, 2006; Yao and Finlayson, 2015).”
InfluentialHaq, B. U., Ahmad, M. Z., Rehman, N. U., Wang, J., Li, P., Li, D., & Zhao, J. H. (2017) · BMC Plant Biology · doi:10.1186/s12870-017-1182-4 · Cited by 59
“SLs and auxins together control shoot budding and branching [17, 50].”
Chen, X., Zhou, X., Xi, L., Li, J., Zhao, R., Ma, N., & Zhao, L. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061717 · Cited by 60
“plant growth regulators (PGR) were applied on two-bud segments including bud 3 and bud 4 cultured in a split-plate system (Figure S4) [46].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Chatfield, S. P., Stirnberg, P., Forde, B. G., & Leyser, O.
- Affiliations
- University of York (GB)
- Lancaster University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Leyser, Ottoline
- Venue
- The Plant Journal
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2000-10
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 159-169
- ISSN
- 0960-7412 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-313X
- OpenAlex
- W2070702008
- Semantic Scholar
- e5cf2b14ba6d4791675335aae6be357567843f9b
- Cited by
- 284
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 14.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Plant Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) (submittedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Directorate for Biological Sciences
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Molecular Biology Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Parasitism and Resistance
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Flowering Plant Growth and Cultivation
- Keywords
- axillary bud outgrowth, cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid, second messengers, Arabidopsis thaliana
- MeSH terms
- Abscisic Acid, Cytokinins, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Drug Interactions, Ethylenes, Indoleacetic Acids, Plant Growth Regulators, Arabidopsis, Plant Shoots
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