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Further evidence for a variable fine-structure constant from Keck/HIRES QSO absorption spectra
Open accessAbstract
We have previously presented evidence for a varying fine-structure constant, α, in two independent samples of Keck/HIRES quasi-stellar object (QSO) absorption spectra. Here we present a detailed many-multiplet analysis of a third Keck/HIRES sample containing 78 absorption systems. We also re-analyse the previous samples, providing a total of 128 absorption systems over the redshift range 0.2 < zabs < 3.7. The results, with raw statistical errors, indicate a smaller weighted mean α in the absorption clouds: Δα/α= (−0.574 ± 0.102) × 10−5. All three samples separately yield consistent and significant values of Δα/α. The analyses of low-z (i.e. zabs < 1.8) and high-z systems rely on different ions and transitions with very different dependences on α, yet they also give consistent results. We identify an additional source of random error in 22 high-z systems characterized by transitions with a large dynamic range in apparent optical depth. Increasing the statistical errors on Δα/α for these systems gives our fiducial result, a weighted mean Δα/α= (−0.543 ± 0.116) × 10−5, representing 4.7σ evidence for a varying α. Assuming that Δα/α= 0 at zabs= 0, the data marginally prefer a linear increase in α with time rather than a constant offset from the laboratory value: . The two-point correlation function for α is consistent with zero over 0.2–13 Gpc comoving scales and the angular distribution of Δα/α shows no significant dipolar anisotropy. We therefore have no evidence for spatial variations in Δα/α. We extend our previous searches for possible systematic errors, giving detailed analyses of potential kinematic effects, line blending, wavelength miscalibration, spectrograph temperature variations, atmospheric dispersion and isotopic/hyperfine structure effects. The latter two are potentially the most significant. However, overall, known systematic errors do not explain the results. Future many-multiplet analyses of independent QSO spectra from different telescopes and spectrographs will provide a now crucial check on our Keck/HIRES results.
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“The claim by (Webb et al. 1999;Murphy et al. 2003;King et al. 2012a) that the Keck/HIRES data indicated that the fine structure constant was smaller in the past relaunched the interest in fundamental constants, both from an experimental and theoretical point of view.”
From Fundamental constants: from measurement to the universe, a window on gravitation and cosmology (2025) · cites this paper as Murphy et al. 2003
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“The analysis (Murphy et al. 2003) relies on 128 absorption spectra, later updated (Murphy et al. 2004) to include 143 absorption systems.”
From Fundamental constants: from measurement to the universe, a window on gravitation and cosmology (2025) · cites this paper as Murphy et al. 2003
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Clifton, T., Barrow, J. D., & Scherrer, R. J. (2005) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.71.123526 · Cited by 79
Most precise single redshift bound to $\mathsf{\Delta\alpha/\alpha}$
Levshakov, S. A., Centurión, M., Molaro, P. P., D’Odorico, S., Reimers, D., Quast, R., & Pollmann, M. (2006) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053827 · Cited by 79
Astronomical measurements and constraints on the variability of fundamental constants
García-Berro, E., Isern, J., & Kubyshin, Y. (2007) · The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review · doi:10.1007/s00159-006-0004-8 · Cited by 72
Levshakov, S. A., Molaro, P. P., López, S., D’Odorico, S., Centurión, M., Bonifacio, P., Agafonova, I. I., & Reimers, D. (2007) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20066064 · Cited by 79
Nucleosynthesis and the variation of fundamental couplings
Müller, C. M., Schäfer, G., & WETTERICH, C. (2004) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.70.083504 · Cited by 77
Evans, T. M., Murphy, M. T., Whitmore, J. B., Misawa, T., Centurion, M., D'Odorico, S., Lopez, S., Martins, C. J. A. P., Molaro, P., Petitjean, P., et al. (2014) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stu1754 · Cited by 75
“Indeed, the choice between turbulent or thermal broadening has been explored previously in, e.g., Murphy et al. (2003) and King et al. (2012) and, for most absorption systems, was shown not to make an important difference to ∆α/α.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationUbachs, W., Buning, R., Eikema, K. S. E., & Reinhold, E. (2006) · Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy · doi:10.1016/j.jms.2006.12.004 · Cited by 74
Cosmic Star Formation, Reionization, and Constraints on Global Chemical Evolution
Daigne, F., Olive, K. A., Vangioni–Flam, E., Silk, J. I., & Audouze, J. (2004) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/425649 · Cited by 73
Bounds on the fine structure constantvariability from Fe ii absorption lines in QSO spectra
Molaro, P. P., Reimers, D., Agafonova, I. I., & Levshakov, S. A. (2008) · The European Physical Journal Special Topics · doi:10.1140/epjst/e2008-00818-4 · Cited by 73
Breaking of the equivalence principle in the electromagnetic sector and its cosmological signatures
Hees, A., Minazzoli, O., & Larena, J. (2014) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.90.124064 · Cited by 72
Matter Non-conservation in the Universe and Dynamical Dark EnergyPreprint
Harald Fritzsch, A., & Solà, J. (2016) · Cited by 88
The Route to Atomic and Quantum Standards
Flowers, J. L. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1102156 · Cited by 71
Kotuš, S., Murphy, M. T., & Carswell, R. F. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2543 · Cited by 71
Self-citationVLT/UVES constraints on the cosmological variability of the fine-structure constant
Levshakov, S. A., Centurión, M., Molaro, P. P., & D’Odorico, S. (2005) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041827 · Cited by 74
Measurement of theTCMBevolution from the Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect
Hurier, G., Aghanim, N., Douspis, M., & Pointecouteau, É. (2013) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322632 · Cited by 70
Saro, A., Liu, J., Mohr, J. J., Aird, K. A., Ashby, M. L. N., Bayliss, M. B., Benson, B. A., Bleem, L. E., Bocquet, S., Brodwin, M., et al. (2014) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stu575 · Cited by 70
Reconstructing the dark energy equation of state with varying couplings
Avelino, P. P., Martins, C. J. A. P., Nunes, N. J., & Olive, K. A. (2006) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.74.083508 · Cited by 69
Berengut, J. C., Dzuba, V. A., Flambaum, V. V., & Ong, A. (2012) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.109.070802 · Cited by 69
Self-citationWAVELENGTH CALIBRATION OF THE VLT-UVES SPECTROGRAPH
Whitmore, J. B., Murphy, M. T., & Griest, K. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/723/1/89 · Cited by 72
Self-citationThe Second Data Release of the KODIAQ Survey
O’Meara, J. M., Lehner, N., Howk, J. C., Prochaska, J. X., Fox, A. J., Peeples, M. S., Tumlinson, J., & O’Shea, B. W. (2017) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa82b8 · Cited by 68
van Weerdenburg, F., Murphy, M. T., Malec, A. L., Kaper, L., & Ubachs, W. (2011) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.106.180802 · Cited by 66
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Murphy, M. T., Webb, J. K., & Flambaum, V. V.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Murphy, M. T.
- Webb, J. K.
- Venue
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2003-10
- Volume
- 345
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 609-638
- ISSN
- 0035-8711 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2966
- OpenAlex
- W2153130534
- Cited by
- 514
- References
- 115
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 24.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology)
- Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- W. M. Keck Foundation
- John Templeton Foundation
- California Institute of Technology
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Keywords
- fine-structure constant variation, alpha variation, quasar absorption lines, systematic errors, two-point correlation function
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