The human β‐globin locus control region: A center of attraction
Abstract
The human beta-globin gene locus is the subject of intense study, and over the past two decades a wealth of information has accumulated on how tissue-specific and stage-specific expression of its genes is achieved. The data are extensive and it would be difficult, if not impossible, to formulate a comprehensive model integrating every aspect of what is currently known. In this review, we introduce the fundamental characteristics of globin locus regulation as well as questions on which much of the current research is predicated. We then outline a hypothesis that encompasses more recent results, focusing on the modification of higher-order chromatin structure and recruitment of transcription complexes to the globin locus. The essence of this hypothesis is that the locus control region (LCR) is a genetic entity highly accessible to and capable of recruiting, with great efficiency, chromatin-modifying, coactivator, and transcription complexes. These complexes are used to establish accessible chromatin domains, allowing basal factors to be loaded on to specific globin gene promoters in a developmental stage-specific manner. We conceptually divide this process into four steps: (a) generation of a highly accessible LCR holocomplex; (b) recruitment of transcription and chromatin-modifying complexes to the LCR; (c) establishment of chromatin domains permissive for transcription; (d) transfer of transcription complexes to globin gene promoters.
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Some enhancers reside in clusters of a handful to even hundreds ('super enhancers'), whereas many are solo.
“Some enhancers reside in clusters of a handful116 to even hundreds (‘super enhancers’76,117), whereas many are solo.”
From Towards a comprehensive catalogue of validated and target-linked human enhancers (2020) · cites this paper as [116]
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Xie, S., Duan, J., Li, B., Zhou, P., & Hon, G. C. (2017) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2017.03.007 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
“To testwhetherMosaic-seq canmeasure enhancer function after CRISPR perturbation, we focused on the b-globin locus in K562 cells (Figure 2A), where the enhancer HS2 drives expression of HBG1 and HBG2 (HBG1/2) (Levings and Bungert, 2002).”
MethodmRNA profiling for body fluid identification by reverse transcription endpoint PCR and realtime PCR
Haas, C., Klesser, B., Maake, C., Bär, W., & Krätzer, A. (2008) · Forensic Science International Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2008.11.003 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Cadherins in development and cancer
Stemmler, M. P. (2008) · Molecular BioSystems · doi:10.1039/b719215k · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Brand, M., Ranish, J. A., Kummer, N. T., Hamilton, J., Igarashi, K., Francastel, C., Chi, T. H., Crabtree, G. R., Aebersold, R. H., & Groudine, M. T. (2003) · Nature Structural & Molecular Biology · doi:10.1038/nsmb713 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
The eukaryotic genome: a system regulated at different hierarchical levels
DRIEL, R. V., Fransz, P. F., & Verschure, P. J. (2003) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.00779 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
“For instance, LCRs bind HATs (Ho et al., 2002; Levings and Bungert, 2002), and silencing by Polycomb group (PcG) proteins involves HDAC activity and histone H3 Lys9 and Lys27 methylation (Cao et al., 2002; Muller et al., 2002; Sewalt et al., 2002; Tie et al., 2001).”
BackgroundEpigenetic regulation of normal and malignant hematopoiesis
Rice, K. L., Hormaeche, I., & Licht, J. D. (2007) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1210755 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
“The b-globin locus is located on chromosome 11 and consists of five genes e, Gg, Ag, d and b which are under the regulation of a locus control region, located 6–22 kb upstream of the e-globin gene (Levings and Bungert, 2002).”
BackgroundBultman, S. J., Gebuhr, T. C., & Magnuson, T. (2005) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.1364105 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
“EKLF and GATA-1 bind to their consensus sequences (CACCC and A/TGATAA/G, respectively) in HS2 and HS3 (Lee et al. 2000; Duan et al. 2001; Horak et al. 2002; Levings and Bungert 2002).”
BackgroundLetting, D. L., Rakowski, C., Weiss, M. J., & Blobel, G. A. (2003) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.23.4.1334-1340.2003 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
mRNA profiling for the identification of blood—Results of a collaborative EDNAP exercise
Haas, C., Hanson, E., Bär, W., Banemann, R., Bento, A. M., Berti, A., Borges, E., Bouakaze, C., Carracedo, Á., Carvalho, M., et al. (2010) · Forensic Science International Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2010.01.003 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
A High-Resolution Map of Human Enhancer RNA Loci Characterizes Super-enhancer Activities in Cancer
Chen, H., & Liang, H. (2020) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2020.08.020 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“, 1981), followed by the discovery of endogenous locus control regions (Levings and Bungert, 2002).”
BackgroundStochastic Mechanisms of Cell Fate Specification that Yield Random or Robust Outcomes
Johnston, R. J., & Desplan, C. (2010) · Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100109-104113 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“The β-globin gene locus is a well-studied case in which one LCR is required during development for the sequential transcriptional activation of the five types of globin genes within a cluster (for a review, see Levings & Bungert 2002).”
BackgroundSelection of highly specific and sensitive mRNA biomarkers for the identification of blood
Haas, C., Hanson, E., Krätzer, A., Bär, W., & Ballantyne, J. (2010) · Forensic Science International Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2010.09.006 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Presicce, P., Giannelli, S., Taddeo, A., Villa, M. L., & Bella, S. D. (2009) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.0708412 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“IL-12 is a multifunctional cytokine that acts as a key regulator of cell-mediated immune responses through the induction of Th-1 differentiation; by promoting IFN- production, proliferation, and cytolytic activity of NK and T cells, IL-12 induces cellular immunity [31, 32].”
BackgroundShared Strategies in Gene Organization among Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Lawrence, J. G. (2002) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(02)00900-5 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Ding, F., Prints, Y., Dhar, M. S., Johnson, D. K., Garnacho, C., Nicholls, R. D., & Francke, U. (2005) · Mammalian Genome · doi:10.1007/s00335-005-2460-2 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“Alternatively, the minimal critical genomic region may contain regulatory elements that affect the expression of genes far away, a property that is similar to the locus control region (LCR) of the bglobin locus (Levings and Bungert 2002).”
Transcriptional regulation of erythropoiesis
Perry, C., & Soreq, H. (2002) · European Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.02999.x · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“A four-step model for human b globin gene regulation has been suggested [52]; the first step involves partial unfolding of globin chromatin structure and generation of highly accessible LCR.”
BackgroundMethodGene Organization: Selection, Selfishness, and Serendipity
Lawrence, J. G. (2003) · Annual Review of Microbiology · doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.57.030502.090816 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
The Lysine Methyltransferase G9a in Immune Cell Differentiation and Function
Scheer, S., & Zaph, C. (2017) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00429 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Sirker, M., Schneider, P. M., & Gomes, I. (2016) · International Journal of Legal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00414-016-1373-9 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Successful mRNA profiling of 23 years old blood stains
Kohlmeier, F., & Schneider, P. M. (2011) · Forensic Science International Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2011.04.007 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Dietzel, S., Zolghadr, K., Hepperger, C., & Belmont, A. S. (2004) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.01330 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“The β-globin locus has a locus control region (LCR) with several DNAse-Ihypersensitive sites (HS), each containing many binding sites for specific transcription factors (for reviews, see Harju et al., 2002; Levings and Bungert, 2002).”
BackgroundRecruitment of Transcription Complexes to the β-Globin Gene Locus in Vivo and in Vitro
Vieira, K. F., Levings, P. P., Hill, M. A., Crusselle‐Davis, V. J., Kang, S.-H. L., Engel, J. D., & Bungert, J. (2004) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m408883200 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“If the model according to which Pol II is recruited first to the LCR, modified and transferred to the globin genes is correct [96], one may predict that Pol II associates with the LCR and the globin genes at different time points during activation of the globin locus in the cell-cycle.”
InfluentialSelf-citationChromosome organization and chromatin modification: influence on genome function and evolution
Holmquist, G. P., & Ashley, T. (2006) · Cytogenetic and Genome Research · doi:10.1159/000093326 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“…the poised -globin locus involves recruitment of a histone acetyl transferase to the LCR by an erythroid-specifi c transcriptional activator (Schubeler et al., 2000) and H3 hyperacetylation in both the LCR and the globin gene promoter (Schubeler et al., 2000; Levings and Bungert, 2002) ( Table 5 ).”
BackgroundMahajan, M. C., Narlikar, G. J., Boyapaty, G., Kingston, R. E., & Weissman, S. M. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0507596102 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Mayes, C., Houston, R. M., Seashols‐Williams, S. J., LaRue, B., & Hughes-Stamm, S. R. (2019) · Legal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2019.03.007 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Aerts, S. (2012) · Current topics in developmental biology/Current Topics in Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-386499-4.00005-7 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“…for [GATA1, EKLF, NF-E2, SOX6, BCL11A]), which implements a transcriptional switch by driving globin expression specifically in erythroid cells (Levings and Bungert, 2002), or the mouse CRM of the Ckm gene (binding sites for [Srf, Ap2, Trex, Sp1, Mef2, and Mdf] driving Ckm expression…”
BackgroundNew Insights into the Regulation of Erythroid Cells
Ingley, E., Tilbrook, P. A., & Klinken, S. P. (2004) · IUBMB Life · doi:10.1080/15216540410001703956 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Tanimoto, K., Sugiura, A., Omori, A., Felsenfeld, G., Engel, J. D., & Fukamizu, A. (2003) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.23.24.8946-8952.2003 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Zhou, Z., Giles, K. E., & Felsenfeld, G. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1900107116 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Recent advances in globin gene transfer for the treatment of beta-thalassemia and sickle cell anemia
Sadelain, M. (2006) · Current Opinion in Hematology · doi:10.1097/01.moh.0000219658.57915.d4 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Molecular Mechanisms of T Helper Cell Differentiation and Functional Specialization
Lee, G. R. (2023) · Immune Network · doi:10.4110/in.2023.23.e4 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“The Th2 cytokine locus contains an LCR, called the Th2 LCR, which is interspersed in the intron regions of the Rad50 gene located between the Il13 and Il5 genes (41).”
BackgroundInfluentialEpigenetic divergence during early stages of speciation in an African crater lake cichlid fish
Vernaz, G., Hudson, A. G., Santos, M. E., Fischer, B., Carruthers, M., Shechonge, A., Gabagambi, N. P., Tyers, A. M., Ngatunga, B. P., Malinsky, M., et al. (2022) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-022-01894-w · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Finally, the hematopoietic TF Scl/Tal1, a major actor in red blood cell differentiation (19), whose sequence-recognition binding motif is highly enriched in DMR sequences (Fig.”
BackgroundInfluentialChen, D., Zuo, Y., Zhang, X., Ye, Y., Bao, X., Huang, H., Tepakhan, W., Wang, L., Ju, J., Chen, G., et al. (2017) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.05.012 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Characterization of the human beta-globin downstream promoter region
Leach, K. M. (2003) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkg209 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Progress Toward the Genetic Treatment of the β‐Thalassemias
Sadelain, M., Lisowski, L., Samakoglu, S., Rivella, S., May, C., & Rivière, I. (2005) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1345.010 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Xu, X., Scott, M. M., & Deneris, E. S. (2006) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.00456-06 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Gurumurthy, A., Shen, Y., Gunn, E. M., & Bungert, J. (2019) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.201800164 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationRole of Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins during Differentiation of Erythroid Cells
Anantharaman, A., Lin, I., Barrow, J. J., Liang, S. Y., Masannat, J., Strouboulis, J., Huang, S., & Bungert, J. (2011) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.01186-10 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationDrachkova, I. A., Savinkova, L. K., Arshinova, T., Ponomarenko, M. P., Peltek, S. E., & Kolchanov, N. A. (2014) · Human Mutation · doi:10.1002/humu.22535 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Antagonistic Regulation of β-Globin Gene Expression by Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins USF and TFII-I
Crusselle‐Davis, V. J., Vieira, K. F., Zhou, Z., Anantharaman, A., & Bungert, J. (2006) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.01770-05 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Recent models propose that macromolecular protein complexes involved in modulating chromatin structure and transcription of the -globin genes are first recruited to the LCR ( 23 , 43).”
BackgroundSelf-citationZhou, Z., Li, X., Deng, C., Ney, P. A., Huang, S., & Bungert, J. (2010) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m109.098376 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationMontiel-Equihua, C., Zhang, L., Knight, S., Saadeh, H., Scholz, S., Carmo, M., Alonso-Ferrero, M. E., Blundell, M. P., Monkeviciute, A., Schulz, R., et al. (2012) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1038/mt.2012.50 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Current status of globin gene therapy for the treatment of β‐thalassaemia
Lisowski, L., & Sadelain, M. (2008) · British Journal of Haematology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.07098.x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“…a minimal 1 kb LCR, comprising juxtaposed core elements, was tantamount to a good erythroid-specific enhancer (Higgs, 1998; Bulger & Groudine, 1999; Grosveld, 1999; Engel & Tanimoto, 2000; Bulger et al, 2002; de Krom et al, 2002; Levings & Bungert, 2002; Navas et al, 2002; Rivella et al, 2003a).”
BackgroundKim, A., Song, S., Brand, M., & Dean, A. (2007) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkm620 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Locus control region mediated regulation of adult β‐globin gene expression
Liang, S. Y., Moghimi, B., Yang, T. P., Strouboulis, J., & Bungert, J. (2008) · Journal of Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1002/jcb.21820 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“2), which are transiently associated with LCR bound proteins and efficiently transferred to globin gene promoters containing high affinity binding sites for the basal transcription apparatus [Leach et al., 2001; Levings and Bungert, 2002].”
BackgroundSelf-citationThormann, V., Rothkegel, M., Schöpflin, R., Glaser, L. V., Djurić, P. M., Li, N., Chung, H., Schwahn, K., Vingron, M., & Meijsing, S. H. (2018) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gky051 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Epigenetic Insights and Potential Modifiers as Therapeutic Targets in β–Thalassemia
Zakaria, N. A., Islam, M. A., Abdullah, W. Z., Bahar, R., Yusoff, A. A. M., Wahab, R. A., Shamsuddin, S., & Johan, M. F. (2021) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom11050755 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“The human β–globin cluster on chromosome 11 spans up to 70 kb and is composed of five genes (5′-HbE-HBG2-HBG1-HBD-HBB-3′; 5′-ε-γG-γA-δ-β–3′) and a distal regulatory element known as the locus control region (LCR) (Figure 2) [10].”
Levings, P. P., Zhou, Z., Vieira, K. F., Crusselle‐Davis, V. J., & Bungert, J. (2006) · FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.05107.x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationHemoglobin switching: new insights
Peterson, K. R. (2003) · Current Opinion in Hematology · doi:10.1097/00062752-200303000-00004 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Su, C.-W., Li, C.-Y., Jc, L., Ji, D.-D., Li, S.-Y., Daniel, B. E., Court, D. S., Linacre, A. M. T., & Hsieh, H. (2015) · Forensic Science Medicine and Pathology · doi:10.1007/s12024-015-9668-6 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Proposal for an allele nomenclature system based on the evolutionary divergence of haplotypes
Nebert, D. W. (2002) · Human Mutation · doi:10.1002/humu.10143 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“For example, the b-globin gene involves enhancer sequences scattered over hundreds of kilobases 50 and 30 of the HBB gene [Andrin and Spencer, 1994; Levings and Bungert, 2002], and regions controlling the sex-determining-region-Y-box-9 (SOX9) gene associated with campomelic dysplasia extend over…”
BackgroundThormann, V., Rothkegel, M., Schöpflin, R., Glaser, L. V., Djurić, P. M., Li, N., Chung, H., Schwahn, K., Vingron, M., & Meijsing, S. H. (2018) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gky122 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Fang, X., Sun, J., Xiang, P., Yu, M., Navas, P. A., Peterson, K. R., Stamatoyannopoulos, G., & Li, Q. (2005) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.25.16.7033-7041.2005 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Vadolas, J., Wardan, H., Bosmans, M. P. J., Zaibak, F., Jamsai, D., Voullaire, L. E., Williamson, R., & Ioannou, P. A. (2005) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression · doi:10.1016/j.bbaexp.2005.02.008 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“second switch occurs in the perinatal period, where g-globin is replaced by adult y- and h-globin in the bone marrow [2,3].”
BackgroundExercise-induced signal transduction and gene regulation in skeletal muscle.
Wackerhage, H., & Woods, N. M. (2002) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Wai, A., Gillemans, N., Raguz‐Bolognesi, S., Pruzina, S., Zafarana, G., Meijer, D., Philipsen, S., & Grosveld, F. G. (2003) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/cdg437 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Isolation of an activator-dependent, promoter-specific chromatin remodeling factor
Ehrensberger, A. H., & Kornberg, R. D. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1101449108 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Reactivation of Fetal Hemoglobin for Treating β-Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Disease
Cui, S., & Engel, J. D. (2017) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-7299-9_7 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Determination of a minimal region of loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 18q21.33 in osteosarcoma
Johnson‐Pais, T. L., Nellissery, M. J., Ammerman, D. G., Pathmanathan, D., Bhatia, P., Buller, C. L., Leach, R. J., & Hansen, M. F. (2003) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.11070 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
beta-Globin locus control region HS2 and HS3 interact structurally and functionally
Jackson, D. A. (2003) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkg217 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Comparative analysis of the blood transcriptomes between wolves and dogs
Yang, X., Zhang, H., Shang, J., Liu, G., Xia, T., Zhao, C., Sun, G., & Dou, H. (2018) · Animal Genetics · doi:10.1111/age.12675 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Gurumurthy, A., Yu, D., Stees, J. R., Chamales, P., Gavrilova, E. V., Wassel, P. C., Lü, L., Stribling, D., Chen, J., Brackett, M., et al. (2021) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkab002 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Based on the current and previous data, we propose that the (cid:2) -globin LCR provides a highly accessible recruitment site for coactivators and Pol II (19,46).”
Self-citationLawler, K., Hammond-Kosack, K. E., Brāzma, A., & Coulson, R. (2013) · BMC Systems Biology · doi:10.1186/1752-0509-7-52 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“However, it appears that genes having similar and/or coordinated expression are often clustered [5]: the genes comprising the vertebrate β-globin cluster are organised according to the timing of their expression during development [6] with members of the mammalian homeobox transcriptional regulator loci arranged accor…”
BackgroundStructural polymorphism at LCR and its role in beta-globin gene regulation
Kukreti, S., Kaur, H., Kaushik, M., Bansal, A., Saxena, S., Kaushik, S., & Kukreti, R. (2010) · Biochimie · doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2010.04.020 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Chromatin as a Tool for the Study of Genome Function in Cancer
Urnov, F. D. (2003) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb05958.x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
TMEM8 – a non-globin gene entrapped in the globin web
Philonenko, E. S., Klochkov, D. B., Borunova, V. V., Gavrilov, A. A., Razin, S. V., & Iarovaia, O. V. (2009) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkp838 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Interaction of NF-E2 in the Human β-Globin Locus Control Region before Chromatin Remodeling
Onishi, Y., & Kiyama, R. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m209612200 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Globin gene transfer for treatment of the β-thalassemias and sickle cell disease
Sadelain, M., Rivella, S., Lisowski, L., Samakoglu, S., & Rivière, I. (2004) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Haematology · doi:10.1016/j.beha.2004.08.002 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Hardy, M. P., Sanij, E., Hertzog, P. J., & Owczarek, C. M. (2003) · Mammalian Genome · doi:10.1007/s00335-002-2225-0 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“…the mRNA expression profiles of the CIICR genes studied, and hence a locus control type element such as has been described for the b-globin genes (Levings and Bungert 2002) may not exist in this situation, although conserved non-coding sequences that regulate tissue specificity of particular…”
BackgroundIshov, A. M., Gurumurthy, A., & Bungert, J. (2020) · Emerging Topics in Life Sciences · doi:10.1042/etls20190160 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationChin, J., Reza, F., & Glazer, P. M. (2013) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1038/mt.2012.262 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Leo, A. A. D., Wheeler, D. L., Lefèvre, C. M., Cheng, J., Hope, R. M., Kuliwaba, J. S., Nicholas, K. R., Westerman, M., & Graves, J. A. M. (2004) · Cytogenetic and Genome Research · doi:10.1159/000081528 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Vathipadiekal, V., Alsultan, A., Baltrusaitis, K., Farrell, J. J., Al‐Rubaish, A. M., Al‐Muhanna, F., Naserullah, Z., Suliman, A., Patra, P. K., Milton, J. N., et al. (2016) · American Journal of Hematology · doi:10.1002/ajh.24368 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Sickle cell disease caused by heterozygosity for Hb S and novel LCR deletion: Report of two patients
Koenig, S. C., Becirevic, E., Hellberg, M. S. C., Li, M. Y., So, J. C. C., Hankins, J. S., Ware, R. E., McMahon, L. C., Steinberg, M. H., Luo, H., et al. (2009) · American Journal of Hematology · doi:10.1002/ajh.21480 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Genome organization and botanical diversity
Paterson, A. H., & Queitsch, C. (2024) · The Plant Cell · doi:10.1093/plcell/koae045 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
DNA methylation patterns of β-globin cluster in β-thalassemia patients
Bao, X., Zuo, Y., Chen, D., & Zhao, C. (2020) · Clinical Epigenetics · doi:10.1186/s13148-020-00987-2 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Defective Erythropoiesis in Transgenic Mice Expressing Dominant-Negative Upstream Stimulatory Factor
Liang, S. Y., Moghimi, B., Crusselle‐Davis, V. J., Lin, I., Rosenberg, M. H., Li, X., Strouboulis, J., Huang, S., & Bungert, J. (2009) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.00419-09 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationTowards the genetic treatment of -thalassemia: new disease models, new vectors, new cells
Moi, P., & Sadelain, M. (2008) · Haematologica · doi:10.3324/haematol.12732 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Barrow, J. J., Li, Y., Hossain, M. A., Huang, S., & Bungert, J. (2014) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gku107 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationStees, J. R., Hossain, M. A., Sunose, T., Kudo, Y., Pardo, C. E., Nabilsi, N. H., Darst, R. P., Poudyal, R., Igarashi, K., Huang, S., et al. (2015) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.00723-15 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationMatsumura, S., Matsusue, A., Waters, B., Kashiwagi, M., Hara, K., & Kubo, S. (2016) · Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1111/1556-4029.13045 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Chan, P. K., Wai, A., Philipsen, S., & Tan-Un, K. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002134 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“It has been proposed that transcriptional activation of b-like globin genes at each stage of development is a multi-step process [5].”
BackgroundChromatin remodelling and the interaction between enhancers and promoters in the -globin locus
Dean, A. (2004) · Briefings in Functional Genomics and Proteomics · doi:10.1093/bfgp/2.4.344 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Kang, S.-H. L., Kiefer, C. M., & Yang, T. P. (2003) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.23.12.4150-4161.2003 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Non-coding RNA LEVER sequestration of PRC2 can mediate long range gene regulation
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- Authors
- Levings, P. P., & Bungert, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Florida Health (US)
- ORCID
- Bungert, Jörg
- Venue
- European Journal of Biochemistry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-03-14
- Volume
- 269
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1589-1599
- ISSN
- 0014-2956 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-1033
- OpenAlex
- W1540381414
- Cited by
- 144
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 0.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Biochemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK052356, R01DK058209, DK 52356, DK 58209)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Genetics › Hemoglobinopathies and Related Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Hemoglobin structure and function
- Keywords
- locus control region, globin gene regulation, chromatin accessibility, chromatin-modifying complexes, transcriptional coactivator, transcriptional complex, tissue-specific gene expression, stage-specific gene expression, chromatin domains, promoter loading
- MeSH terms
- Chromatin, Humans, RNA, Messenger, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Locus Control Region
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