Reaction of oxidized dopamine with endogenous cysteine residues in the human dopamine transporter

Abstract

There is evidence to suggest that dopamine (DA) oxidizes to form dopamine ortho‐quinone (DAQ), which binds covalently to nucleophilic sulfhydryl groups on protein cysteinyl residues. This reaction has been shown to inhibit dopamine uptake, as well as other biological processes. We have identified specific cysteine residues in the human dopamine transporter (hDAT) that are modified by this electron‐deficient substrate analog. DAQ reactivity was inferred from its effects on the binding of [3 H]2‐β‐carbomethoxy‐3‐β‐(4‐fluorophenyl)tropane (β‐CFT) to hDAT cysteine mutant constructs. One construct, X5C, had four cysteines mutated to alanine and one to phenylalanine (Cys 90 A, Cys 135 A, C306A, C319F and Cys 342 A). In membrane preparations 1 m m DAQ did not affect [3 H]β‐CFT binding to X5C hDAT, in contrast to its effect in wild‐type hDAT in which it reduced the Bmax value by more than half. Wild‐type cysteines were substituted back into X5C, one at a time, and the ability of DAQ to inhibit [3 H]β‐CFT binding was assessed. Reactivity of DAQ with Cys 90 increased the affinity of [3 H]β‐CFT for the transporter, whereas reactivity with Cys 135 decreased the affinity of [3 H]β‐CFT. DAQ did not change the KD for [3 H]β‐CFT binding to wild‐type. The reactivity of DAQ at Cys 342 decreased Bmax to the same degree as wild‐type. The latter result suggests that Cys 342 is the wild‐type residue most responsible for DAQ‐induced inhibition of [3 H]β‐CFT binding.