The DOI matches its Crossref record; 52 of the 52 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Novel glucocorticoid effects on acute inflammation in the CNS
Abstract
The CNS can mount an inflammatory reaction to excitotoxic insults that contributes to the emerging brain damage. Therefore, anti-inflammatory drugs should be beneficial in neurological insults. In contrast, glucocorticoids (GCs), while known for their anti-inflammatory effects, can exacerbate neurotoxicity in the hippocampus after excitotoxic insults. We investigated the effect of GCs on the inflammatory response after a neurological insult. Intact control (INT; intact stress response GC profile), adrenalectomized/GC-supplemented (ADX; low basal GC profile) and GC-treated (COR; chronically high GC profile) rats were injected with kainic acid into the hippocampal CA3 region. Lesion size was determined 8-72 h later. The inflammatory response was characterized using immunohistochemistry, RNAse protection assay and ELISA. The INT and COR rats developed larger CA3 lesions than ADX rats. We found that GCs surprisingly caused an increase in relative numbers of inflammatory cells (granulocytes, monocytes/macrophages and microglia). Additionally, mRNA and protein (IL-1beta and TNF-alpha) levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1alpha, IL-1beta and TNF-alpha were elevated in COR rats compared with INT and ADX rats. These data strongly question the traditional view of GCs being uniformly anti-inflammatory and could further explain how GCs worsen the outcome of neurological insults.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Yet, there are exceptions – pro-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids that depend on dose and cell or tissue type (Dinkel et al., 2003; MacPherson et al., 2005).”
From Central effects of stress hormones in health and disease: understanding the protective and damaging effects of stress and stress mediators (2008) · cites this paper as Dinkel et al., 2003
In the citing paper
“Yet, there are exceptions - proinflammatory effects of glucocorticoids that depend on dose and cell or tissue type.6,7”
From Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators: central role of the brain (2006) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“Subacute CORT treatment increases inflammatory cell recruitment and cytokine production at an excitotoxic injury site (Dinkel et al., 2003).”
From The Stressed CNS: When Glucocorticoids Aggravate Inflammation (2009) · cites this paper as Dinkel et al., 2003
In the citing paper
“This was seen in one study where GCs increased inflammatory cell infiltration prior to the emergence of neuronal death (Dinkel et al., 2003).”
From The Stressed CNS: When Glucocorticoids Aggravate Inflammation (2009) · cites this paper as Dinkel et al., 2003
In the citing paper
“For example, subacute CORT treatment worsens CA1 hippocampal neuron loss caused by global ischemia (Sapolsky and Pulsinelli, 1985) and CA3 neuron loss caused by excitotoxins (Dinkel et al., 2003).”
From The Stressed CNS: When Glucocorticoids Aggravate Inflammation (2009) · cites this paper as Dinkel et al., 2003
Citations
Cites
Microglia: a sensor for pathological events in the CNS
Kreutzberg, G. W. (1996) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(96)10049-7 · Cited by 4,396
Pathobiology of ischaemic stroke: an integrated view
Dirnagl, U., Iadecola, C., & Moskowitz, M. A. (1999) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(99)01401-0 · Cited by 3,943
Physiological functions of glucocorticoids in stress and their relation to pharmacological actions
MUNCK, A., GUYRE, P. M., & HOLBROOK, N. J. (1984) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv-5-1-25 · Cited by 3,083
Excitatory Amino Acids as a Final Common Pathway for Neurologic Disorders
Epstein, F. H., Lipton, S. A., & Rosenberg, P. A. (1994) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199403033300907 · Cited by 2,676
Immunoregulatory Feedback Between Interleukin-1 and Glucocorticoid Hormones
Besedovsky, H., del Rey, A., Sorkin, E., & Dinarello, C. A. (1986) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3014662 · Cited by 1,519
Adrenal steroid receptors and actions in the nervous system
McEwen, B. S., de Kloet, E. R., & Rostène, W. H. (1986) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.1986.66.4.1121 · Cited by 1,238
Corticotropin-releasing factor-producing neurons in the rat activated by interleukin-1
Berkenbosch, F., van Oers, J., del Rey, A., Tilders, F., & Besedovsky, H. (1987) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2443979 · Cited by 1,151
The changing landscape of ischaemic brain injury mechanisms
Lee, J.-M., Zipfel, G. J., & Choi, D. W. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/399a007 · Cited by 1,102
Banati, R. B., Gehrmann, J., Schubert, P., & Kreutzberg, G. W. (1993) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.440070117 · Cited by 1,032
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Millikan C., 1987, Stroke, 117
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–178 of 178
Ischemia-induced hyperglycemia: Consequences, neuroendocrine regulation, and a role for RAGE
Weil, Z. M. (2012) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.04.001 · Cited by 23
Glycemic control after brain injury: Boon and bane for the brain
Jauch‐Chara, K., & Oltmanns, K. M. (2014) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.04.059 · Cited by 28
Neuroprotection and acute spinal cord injury: A reappraisal
Hall, E. D., & Springer, J. E. (2004) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/bf03206569 · Cited by 23
Early-life experience alters response of developing brain to seizures
Kazl, C., Foote, L. T., Kim, M., & Koh, S. (2009) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.05.082 · Cited by 20
Kwon, M., Seo, Y., Choi, S., Choi, H.-W., Jung, J., Park, S., & Suh, H. (2007) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04865.x · Cited by 20
Miró‐Mur, F., Laredo, C., Renú, A., Rudilosso, S., Zhao, Y., Amaro, S., Llull, L., Urra, X., Planas, A. M., & Chamorro, Á. (2018) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2018.03.018 · Cited by 20
Craft, T. K. S. (2009) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/neuro.08.054.2009 · Cited by 20
Pharmacological interventions to treat or prevent neurocognitive decline after brain radiation
Rooney, J., & Laack, N. N. (2013) · CNS Oncology · doi:10.2217/cns.13.60 · Cited by 20
Jia, Y., Wang, Y., Wang, Z., Zhang, Z., Zhang, J., Zhang, J., Sun, K., Hua, Y., Chai, G., & Hu, F. (2024) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1370619 · Cited by 19
Quinlan, J., Tu, M. T., Langlois, É. V., Kapoor, M., Ziegler, D., Fahmi, H., & Zunzunegui, M. V. (2014) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/2046-4053-3-40 · Cited by 18
Elucidating the Complex Interactions between Stress and Epileptogenic Pathways
Friedman, A. R., Cacheaux, L. P., Ivens, S., & Kaufer, D. (2011) · Cardiovascular Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1155/2011/461263 · Cited by 17
A life-course, epigenetic perspective on resilience in brain and body
McEwen, B. S. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813983-7.00001-x · Cited by 18
Evaluate the serum cortisol in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage
Yang, X., Ren, W., Zu, H., & Dong, Q. (2014) · Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2014.05.019 · Cited by 17
Burello, L., Bartolo, P. D., Gelfo, F., Foti, F., Angelucci, F., & Petrosini, L. (2011) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.10.016 · Cited by 17
Mendonça, I. P., de Paiva, I. H. R., Duarte-Silva, E. P., de Melo, M. G., da Silva, R. S., do Nascimento, M. I. X., & Peixoto, C. A. (2022) · Inflammopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s10787-022-01043-6 · Cited by 17
Tan, X., Ji, C.-L., Zheng, L.-L., Zhang, J., Yuan, H.-J., Gong, S., Zhu, J., & Tan, J. (2017) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/dex217 · Cited by 17
Sun, S., Liu, W., & Li, Y. (2020) · Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes · doi:10.1007/s10863-020-09850-8 · Cited by 15
Silva, C. S., Fuxé, K., & Chadi, G. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-211-92660-4_15 · Cited by 14
Vaughn, D. A., Maggiora, M. B., Vaughn, K. J., Maggiora, C. J., Tavakoli, A.-V., Liang, W., Zava, D., Cohen, M. S., & Lenartowicz, A. (2021) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147203 · Cited by 13
Young, E. E., Prentice, T. W., Satterlee, D. M., McCullough, H. K., Sieve, A. N., Johnson, R. R., Welsh, T. H., Welsh, C. J., & Meagher, M. W. (2008) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.04.024 · Cited by 13
Markova, S., Nakamura, T., Makimoto, H., Ichijima, T., Yamamori, M., Kuwahara, A., Iwaki, K., Nishiguchi, K., Okamura, N., Okumura, K., et al. (2007) · Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin · doi:10.1248/bpb.30.1481 · Cited by 12
Tao, Y., Gu, Y., Wang, H., Zhong, G., Wang, A., Qu, J., Feng, J., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2025.109386 · Cited by 12
Puga, D. A., Tovar, C. A., Guan, Z., Gensel, J. C., Lyman, M. S., McTigue, D. M., & Popovich, P. G. (2015) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2015.06.006 · Cited by 11
Preservation of cognitive function after brain irradiation
Surendran, H. P., Narmadha, M. P., Kalavagunta, S., Sasidharan, A., & Dutta, D. (2022) · Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice · doi:10.1177/10781552221077037 · Cited by 11
A glucocorticoid spike derails muscle repair to heterotopic ossification after spinal cord injury
Alexander, K. A., Tseng, H., Lao, H. W., Girard, D., Barbier, V., Ungerer, J. P. J., McWhinney, B. C., Samuel, S. G., Fleming, W., Winkler, I. G., et al. (2024) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101849 · Cited by 10
Cosyntropin Attenuates Neuroinflammation in a Mouse Model of Traumatic Brain Injury
Siebold, L., Krueger, A. C., Abdala, J. A., Figueroa, J. D., Bartnik‐Olson, B., Holshouser, B. A., Wilson, C. G., & Ashwal, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2020.00109 · Cited by 10
Crosstalk between Insulin-like Growth Factors and Pro-inflammatory Cytokines
McCusker, R. H., Strle, K., Broussard, S. R., Dantzer, R., Bluthé, R.-M., & Kelley, K. W. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012088576-3/50011-3 · Cited by 10
Stover, J. F., Steiger, P., & Stocker, R. A. (2005) · European Journal of Trauma · doi:10.1007/s00068-005-2055-3 · Cited by 10
Relative Adrenal Insufficiency in Pediatric Septic Shock
Vila-Pérez, D., & Jordán-García, I. (2015) · Journal of Pediatric Intensive Care · doi:10.1055/s-0035-1559821 · Cited by 10
Kwon, M., Seo, Y., Choi, S., Won, M., Lee, J.-K., Park, S.-H., Jung, J., Sim, Y., & Suh, H. (2009) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.11.060 · Cited by 9
Ngai, L. ‐., & Herbert, J. (2005) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2005.01321.x · Cited by 9
Геннадьевна, Ш. И., Tuchina, O. P., Turkin, A., Vylegzhanina, A. E., Nagumanova, A., Зачепило, Т. Г., Pavlova, M. B., & Dyuzhikova, N. A. (2023) · Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology · doi:10.1134/s0022093023020291 · Cited by 7
Benkovic, S. A., O'Callaghan, J. P., & Miller, D. B. (2009) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2009.07.005 · Cited by 6
Corticosterone induced apoptosis of mouse oviduct epithelial cells independent of the TNF-α system
Ying-Qi, Z. H. A. O., Chen, R.-R., Kong, Q.-Q., An, J.-S., Zhao, X., Gong, S., Yuan, H.-J., & Tan, J. (2020) · Journal of Reproduction and Development · doi:10.1262/jrd.2020-122 · Cited by 6
The Brain on Stress: The Good and the Bad
McEwen, B. S. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1056-4_1 · Cited by 5
Neuroimmune Response Mediated by Cytokines in Natural Scrapie after Chronic Dexamethasone Treatment
Guijarro, I. M., Garcés, M., Andrés‐Benito, P., Marín, B., Otero, A., Barrio, T., Carmona, M., Ferrer, I., Badiola, J. J., & Monzón, M. (2021) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom11020204 · Cited by 5
Cerebrospinal Fluid Pleocytosis Not Attributable to Status Epilepticus in First 24 Hours
Bajaj, S., Griesdale, D., Aghakhani, Y., & Moien‐Afshari, F. (2021) · Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques · doi:10.1017/cjn.2021.83 · Cited by 5
Preserving Function in Acute Nervous System Injury
Hall, E. D., & Sullivan, P. G. (2005) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012738903-5/50004-7 · Cited by 5
Kutz, C. F. (2016) · Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease · doi:10.1177/2040622316644481 · Cited by 5
Ouabain Reverts CUS-Induced Disruption of the HPA Axis and Avoids Long-Term Spatial Memory Deficits
Leite, J. A., Orellana, A. M., Andreotti, D. Z., Matumoto, A. M., Port’s, N. M. D. S., Lima, L. D. S., Kawamoto, E. M., Munhoz, C. D., & Scavone, C. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11041177 · Cited by 4
Mohr, D. C. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-48334-4_13 · Cited by 4
Blocking interleukin-1 signalling in the brain - structural and functional outcomes
Spulber, S. D. (2008) · Figshare · Cited by 4
Neuroimmunomodulation: The History of Science in Psychoneuroimmunology
Kuhn, A. M., Bosis, K. E., & Wohleb, E. S. (2024) · NeuroImmunoModulation · doi:10.1159/000541592 · Cited by 5
An, J.-S., Wang, G., Wang, D., Yang, Y.-Q., Wu, J.-S., Zhao, Y., Gong, S., & Tan, J. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11233891 · Cited by 3
Нарушения обработки информации у больных шизофренией: обзор литературы
Иванов, М. В., Tumova, M. A., Муслимова, Л. М., & Владимировна, К. Т. (2020) · Сибирский вестник психиатрии и наркологии · doi:10.26617/1810-3111-2020-2(107)-41-50 · Cited by 3
2022 ISPNE Bruce McEwen Lifetime Achievement award: Stress, from molecules to societies
Sapolsky, R. M. (2023) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106274 · Cited by 2
Epilepsy and Psychiatric Comorbidities: New Approaches and Perspectives
Gargiulo, Á. J. M., Scévola, L., Sarudiansky, M., Kochen, S. S., & D’Alessio, L. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-61721-9_38 · Cited by 2
Глюкокортикоиды в нейровоспалении гиппокампа: доктор Джекилл и мистер Хайд
Bolshakov, A. P., Третьякова, Л. В., Квичанский, А. А., & Гуляева, Н. В. (2021) · Biochemistry (Moscow) · doi:10.31857/s0320972521020044 · Cited by 2
Greenberg, B. M., Ratchford, J. N., & Calabresi, P. A. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-3291-5.50050-0 · Cited by 2
Possible involvement of glucocorticoids in mycotoxin-induced neuroinflammation
Chantong, B., & Nusuetrong, P. (2015) · Cited by 2
Basic mechanisms of, and treatment targets for, stress-related disorders
McEwen, B. S. (2020) · doi:10.1093/med/9780198713005.003.0079 · Cited by 2
Геннадьевна, Ш. И., Tuchina, O. P., Turkin, A., Vylegzhanina, A. E., Nagumanova, A., Зачепило, Т. Г., Pavlova, M. B., & Dyuzhikova, N. A. (2023) · Российский физиологический журнал им И М Сеченова · doi:10.31857/s0869813923040088 · Cited by 1
Vylegzhanina, A. E., Shalaginova, I. G., Korolevich, D., Katserov, D., Semenova, A., Sidorova, M. V., Eresko, S., Airapetov, M. I., Pavlova, M. B., Levina, A., et al. (2025) · Biocell · doi:10.32604/biocell.2025.071198 · Cited by 1
Corticosteroids and head injury.
Agrawal, A., Cincu, R., & Timothy, J. (2008) · Clinical neurology and neurosurgery (Dutch-Flemish ed. Print) · doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2007.12.011 · Cited by 1
Broekaart, D. W. M., Korotkov, A., Gorter, J. A., & van Vliet, E. A. (2021) · Progress in inflammation research · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-67403-8_4 · Cited by 1
Adverse Glucocorticoid Actions and their Relevance to Brain Ageing
Dinkel, K., & Sapolsky, R. M. (2004) · Neuroimmune biology · doi:10.1016/s1567-7443(04)80022-x · Cited by 1
Özyürek, E., Okur, H., & Gürgey, A. (2005) · Annals of Hematology · doi:10.1007/s00277-005-0016-x · Cited by 1
Leong, F. T. L. (2008) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412963978.n131 · Cited by 1
Duque, É. D. A. (2013) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.42.2013.tde-17062013-100253
Behavioural correlates of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Gerrard, B. (2013) · Open ULeth Scholarship (OPUS) (University of Lethbridge)
Role of the Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in G-CSF Therapy after Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia
Charles, M. S. (2012) · The Scholars Repository - LLU (Loma Linda University)
Hippocampus Neuroprotection During Lactation: a Model to Study Neuroendocrine-Immune Interactions
Morales, T. (2010) · The Open Neuroendocrinology Journal
The neuroendocrinology of stress in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorders
Young, A. H., & Colasanti, A. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107477278.009
Development of imaging methods for the lithium-pilocarpine model of epilepsy
Duffy, B. A. (2014) · UCL Discovery (University College London)
Leite, J. A. (2019) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.42.2019.tde-19022019-145239
An Overview for Possible Mechanisms Governing Stress-induced Microglial Activation
Sugama, S., & Kakinuma, Y. (2019) · Nihon Ika Daigaku Igakkai Zasshi · doi:10.1272/manms.15.96
Central regulation of Blood Brain Barrier integrity during hyperalgesia
Campos, C. R. (2009) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona)
Hearn, J. H., & Stocker, C. J. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-806427/v1
Neuroendocrine Stress Response after Burn Trauma
Lindahl, A. E. (2013) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)
Rijkers, K. (2011) · doi:10.26481/dis.20110114kr
Stress, Microglial Activation, and Mental Disorders
Enomoto, S., & Kato, T. A. (2022) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.103784
Cristal-Lilov, A., Salmon, A. B., & Erez, O. (2021) · Journal of Medical - Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.33425/2639-944x.1238 · Cited by 1
Bilibio, J. O. (2024) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.17.2024.tde-13052024-160023
Metadata
- Authors
- Dinkel, K., MacPherson, A., & Sapolsky, R. M.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Neurochemistry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2003-01-31
- Volume
- 84
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 705-716
- ISSN
- 0022-3042 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-4159
- OpenAlex
- W1538656778
- Cited by
- 179
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 6.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Neurochemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (2r01mh053814-04)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH 53814)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
- Keywords
- glucocorticoids, acute inflammation, central nervous system, excitotoxicity, kainic acid, hippocampus, neuroinflammation, adrenalectomy, stress response, inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, TNF-α, microglia, macrophages, granulocytes, neurotoxicity
- MeSH terms
- Acute Disease, Adrenalectomy, Animals, Cell Count, Encephalomyelitis, Glucocorticoids, Granulocytes, Hippocampus, Interleukin-1, Kainic Acid, Macrophages, Male, RNA, Messenger, Steroids, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Cytokines, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Microglia, Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
