Cited by 3,943Acute Ischemic Stroke ManagementNeurological Disorders and TreatmentsNeuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms

Pathobiology of ischaemic stroke: an integrated view

Dirnagl, Ulrich, Iadecola, Costantino, Moskowitz, Michael A.·1999·Trends in Neurosciences

Abstract

Brain injury following transient or permanent focal cerebral ischaemia (stroke) develops from a complex series of pathophysiological events that evolve in time and space. In this article, the relevance of excitotoxicity, peri-infarct depolarizations, inflammation and apoptosis to delayed mechanisms of damage within the peri-infarct zone or ischaemic penumbra are discussed. While focusing on potentially new avenues of treatment, the issue of why many clinical stroke trials have so far proved disappointing is addressed. This article provides a framework that can be used to generate testable hypotheses and treatment strategies that are linked to the appearance of specific pathophysiological events within the ischaemic brain.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/s0166-2236(99)01401-0

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78 of 78 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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Authors
Dirnagl, U., Iadecola, C., & Moskowitz, M. A.
Affiliations
  • Stiftung Charité (DE)
  • University of Minnesota (US)
  • Harvard University (US)
Venue
Trends in Neurosciences
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
1999-09
Volume
22
Issue
9
Pages
391-397
ISSN
0166-2236 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2169079203
Cited by
3,943
References
78
Citations by year
2026: 123 · 2025: 84 · 2024: 102 · 2023: 96 · 2022: 119 · 2021: 155 · 2020: 152 · 2019: 135 · 2018: 163 · 2017: 155 · 2016: 177 · 2015: 163 · 2014: 205 · 2013: 199 · 2012: 203
FWCI
22.48
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Trends in Neurosciences (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS-37853, R01NS035806, NS34179, NS-35806, R01NS037853)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Acute Ischemic Stroke Management
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disorders and Treatments
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
Keywords
ischemic stroke, cerebral ischemia, excitotoxicity, peri-infarct depolarization, neuroinflammation, apoptosis, ischemic penumbra, delayed neuronal death, stroke treatment strategies
MeSH terms
Acute-Phase Reaction, Brain, Brain Ischemia, Cerebrovascular Disorders, Humans, Inflammation, Isoenzymes, Membrane Proteins, Nerve Degeneration, Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases, Apoptosis, Receptors, Glutamate, Nitric Oxide Synthase, Cyclooxygenase 2, Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II

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