Cited by 179Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsStress Responses and CortisolTraumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances

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Novel glucocorticoid effects on acute inflammation in the CNS

Dinkel, Klaus, MacPherson, Anna, Sapolsky, Robert M.·2003·Journal of Neurochemistry

DOI 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01604.x

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Abstract

The CNS can mount an inflammatory reaction to excitotoxic insults that contributes to the emerging brain damage. Therefore, anti-inflammatory drugs should be beneficial in neurological insults. In contrast, glucocorticoids (GCs), while known for their anti-inflammatory effects, can exacerbate neurotoxicity in the hippocampus after excitotoxic insults. We investigated the effect of GCs on the inflammatory response after a neurological insult. Intact control (INT; intact stress response GC profile), adrenalectomized/GC-supplemented (ADX; low basal GC profile) and GC-treated (COR; chronically high GC profile) rats were injected with kainic acid into the hippocampal CA3 region. Lesion size was determined 8-72 h later. The inflammatory response was characterized using immunohistochemistry, RNAse protection assay and ELISA. The INT and COR rats developed larger CA3 lesions than ADX rats. We found that GCs surprisingly caused an increase in relative numbers of inflammatory cells (granulocytes, monocytes/macrophages and microglia). Additionally, mRNA and protein (IL-1beta and TNF-alpha) levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1alpha, IL-1beta and TNF-alpha were elevated in COR rats compared with INT and ADX rats. These data strongly question the traditional view of GCs being uniformly anti-inflammatory and could further explain how GCs worsen the outcome of neurological insults.

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Authors: Dinkel, K., MacPherson, A., & Sapolsky, R. M.
Affiliations: Stanford University (US)
ORCID: MacPherson, Anna
Sapolsky, Robert M.
Venue: Journal of Neurochemistry
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2003-01-31
Volume: 84
Issue: 4
Pages: 705-716
ISSN: 0022-3042 (ISSN-L)
1471-4159
DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01604.x
OpenAlex: W1538656778
Cited by: 179
References: 52
Citations by year: 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 6.35
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Journal of Neurochemistry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (2r01mh053814-04)
National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH 53814)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
Keywords: glucocorticoids, acute inflammation, central nervous system, excitotoxicity, kainic acid, hippocampus, neuroinflammation, adrenalectomy, stress response, inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, TNF-α, microglia, macrophages, granulocytes, neurotoxicity
MeSH terms: Acute Disease, Adrenalectomy, Animals, Cell Count, Encephalomyelitis, Glucocorticoids, Granulocytes, Hippocampus, Interleukin-1, Kainic Acid, Macrophages, Male, RNA, Messenger, Steroids, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Cytokines, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Microglia, Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists, Rats

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Novel glucocorticoid effects on acute inflammation in the CNS

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