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Debris disks as signposts of terrestrial planet formation
Open accessAbstract
There exists strong circumstantial evidence from their eccentric orbits that most of the known extra-solar planetary systems are the survivors of violent dynamical instabilities. Here we explore the effect of giant planet instabilities on the formation and survival of terrestrial planets. We numerically simulate the evolution of planetary systems around Sun-like stars that include three components: (i) an inner disk of planetesimals and planetary embryos; (ii) three giant planets at Jupiter-Saturn distances; and (iii) an outer disk of planetesimals comparable to estimates of the primitive Kuiper belt. We calculate the dust production and spectral energy distribution of each system by assuming that each planetesimal particle represents an ensemble of smaller bodies in collisional equilibrium. Our main result is a strong correlation between the evolution of the inner and outer parts of planetary systems, i.e. between the presence of terrestrial planets and debris disks. Strong giant planet instabilities – that produce very eccentric surviving planets – destroy all rocky material in the system, including fully-formed terrestrial planets if the instabilities occur late, and also destroy the icy planetesimal population. Stable or weakly unstable systems allow terrestrial planets to accrete in their inner regions and significant dust to be produced in their outer regions, detectable at mid-infrared wavelengths as debris disks. Stars older than ~100 Myr with bright cold dust emission (in particular at λ ~ 70 μm) signpost dynamically calm environments that were conducive to efficient terrestrial accretion. Such emission is present around ~16% of billion-year old Solar-type stars. Our simulations yield numerous secondary results: 1) the typical eccentricities of as-yet undetected terrestrial planets are ~0.1 but there exists a novel class of terrestrial planet system whose single planet undergoes large amplitude oscillations in orbital eccentricity and inclination; 2) by scaling our systems to match the observed semimajor axis distribution of giant exoplanets, we predict that terrestrial exoplanets in the same systems should be a few times more abundant at ~0.5 AU than giant or terrestrial exoplanets at 1 AU; 3) the Solar System appears to be unusual in terms of its combination of a rich terrestrial planet system and a low dust content. This may be explained by the weak, outward-directed instability that is thought to have caused the late heavy bombardment.
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“while planet-planet scattering among gas giant planets is likely to produce a pulse of ejected planetesimals (Raymond et al. 2011;Marzari 2014)”
From Implications for Planetary System Formation from Interstellar Object 1I/2017 U1 (‘Oumuamua) (2017) · cites this paper as Raymond et al. 2011
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“and while systems with gas giants on stable orbits can eject planetesimals on longer timescales (Raymond et al. 2011;Barclay et al. 2017)”
From Implications for Planetary System Formation from Interstellar Object 1I/2017 U1 (‘Oumuamua) (2017) · cites this paper as Raymond et al. 2011
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Lisse, C. M., Chen, C. H., Wyatt, M. C., Morlok, A., Song, I., Bryden, G., & Sheehan, P. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/701/2/2019 · Cited by 170
Self-citationTerrestrial Planet Formation. I. The Transition from Oligarchic Growth to Chaotic Growth
Kenyon, S. J., & Bromley, B. C. (2006) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/499807 · Cited by 170
A Search for Protoplanetary Disks Around Naked T Tauri Stars
Wolk, S. J., & Walter, F. M. (1996) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/117942 · Cited by 168
INVESTIGATING PLANET FORMATION IN CIRCUMSTELLAR DISKS: CARMA OBSERVATIONS OF RY Tau AND DG Tau
Isella, A., Carpenter, J. M., & Sargent, A. I. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/714/2/1746 · Cited by 167
Observable consequences of planet formation models in systems with close-in terrestrial planets
Raymond, S. N., Barnes, R., & Mandell, A. M. (2008) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12712.x · Cited by 167
Self-citationHABITABLE CLIMATES: THE INFLUENCE OF OBLIQUITY
Spiegel, D. S., Menou, K., & Scharf, C. A. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/691/1/596 · Cited by 164
Debris disc stirring by secular perturbations from giant planets
Mustill, A. J., & Wyatt, M. C. (2009) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15360.x · Cited by 164
Self-citationRaymond, S. N., Armitage, P. J., & Gorelick, N. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/711/2/772 · Cited by 163
Self-citationHABITABLE CLIMATES: THE INFLUENCE OF ECCENTRICITY
Dressing, C. D., Spiegel, D. S., Scharf, C. A., Kristen Menou, A., & Raymond, S. N. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/721/2/1295 · Cited by 161
Self-citationNew Debris Disks around Nearby Main-Sequence Stars: Impact on the Direct Detection of Planets
Beichman, C., Bryden, G., Stapelfeldt, K., Gautier, T., Grogan, K., Shao, M., Velusamy, T., Lawler, S., Blaylock, M., Rieke, G., et al. (2006) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/508449 · Cited by 157
Self-citationAccretion in the Early Kuiper Belt. I. Coagulation and Velocity Evolution
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Constructing the secular architecture of the solar system II: the terrestrial planets
Brasser, R., Morbidelli, A., Gomes, R. S., Tsiganis, K., & Levison, H. F. (2009) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912878 · Cited by 146
Migration and dynamical relaxation in crowded systems of giant planets
Adams, F. C., & Laughlin, G. (2003) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/s0019-1035(03)00081-2 · Cited by 146
High Orbital Eccentricities of Extrasolar Planets Induced by the Kozai Mechanism
Takeda, G., & Rasio, F. A. (2005) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/430467 · Cited by 145
Gas Disks to Gas Giants: Simulating the Birth of Planetary Systems
Thommes, E. W., Matsumura, S., & Rasio, F. A. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1159723 · Cited by 145
PLANETS AND DEBRIS DISKS: RESULTS FROM ASPITZER/MIPS SEARCH FOR INFRARED EXCESS
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Self-citationIncidence and survival of remnant disks around main-sequence stars
Habing, H. J., Dominik, C., De Muizon, M. J., Laureijs, R. J., Kessler, M. F., Leech, K. J., Metcalfe, L., Salama, A., Siebenmorgen, R., Trams, N. R., et al. (2000) · UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20000075/pdf · Cited by 145
Nearby debris disk systems with high fractional luminosity reconsidered
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Circumstellar material in the Vega inner system revealed by CHARA/FLUOR
Absil, O., Folco, E. D., Mérand, A., Augereau, J. ‐., du Foresto, V. C., Aufdenberg, J. P., Kervella, P., Ridgway, S. T., Berger, D. H., ten Brummelaar, T. A., et al. (2006) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20054522 · Cited by 139
Final Stages of Planet Formation
Goldreich, P., Lithwick, Y., & Sari, R. (2004) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 137
Evolution of planetary systems in resonance
Kley, W., Peitz, J., & Bryden, G. (2004) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20031589 · Cited by 136
Fragmentation model dependence of collision cascades
Kobayashi, H., & Tanaka, H. (2009) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2009.10.004 · Cited by 135
Morishima, R., Stadel, J., & Moore, B. (2009) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2009.11.038 · Cited by 135
Prospects for Detection of Catastrophic Collisions in Debris Disks
Kenyon, S. J., & Bromley, B. C. (2005) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/430461 · Cited by 135
Detecting the Dusty Debris of Terrestrial Planet Formation
Kenyon, S. J., & Bromley, B. C. (2004) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/382693 · Cited by 133
Pascucci, I., Gorti, U., Hollenbach, D. J., Najita, J., Meyer, M. R., Carpenter, J. M., Hillenbrand, L. A., Herczeg, G. J., Padgett, D. L., Mamajek, E. E., et al. (2006) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/507761 · Cited by 132
Terrestrial Planet Formation. I. The Transition from Oligarchic Growth to Chaotic GrowthPreprint
Kenyon, S. J., & Bromley, B. C. (2006) · Cited by 131
Formation of Terrestrial Planets from Protoplanets. I. Statistics of Basic Dynamical Properties
Kokubo, E., Kominami, J., & Ida, S. (2006) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/501448 · Cited by 128
STELLAR MASS DEPENDENT DISK DISPERSAL
Kennedy, G. M., & Kenyon, S. J. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/695/2/1210 · Cited by 126
Williams, D. R., & Wetherill, G. W. (1994) · Icarus · doi:10.1006/icar.1994.1010 · Cited by 125
Nagasawa, M., Lin, D. N. C., & Thommes, E. W. (2005) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/497386 · Cited by 119
Giant planet migration through the action of disk torques and planet–planet scattering
Moorhead, A. V., & Adams, F. C. (2005) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.05.005 · Cited by 117
PLANET-PLANET SCATTERING IN PLANETESIMAL DISKS
Raymond, S. N., Armitage, P. J., & Gorelick, N. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/699/2/l88 · Cited by 116
Self-citationThe history of the Solar system's debris disc: observable properties of the Kuiper belt
Booth, M., Wyatt, M. C., Morbidelli, A., Moro‐Martín, A., & Levison, H. F. (2009) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15286.x · Cited by 115
Self-citationMean Motion Resonances from Planet-Planet Scattering
Raymond, S. N., Barnes, R., Armitage, P. J., & Gorelick, N. (2008) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/593301 · Cited by 113
Self-citationCircumstellar material in the Vega inner system revealed by CHARA/FLUORPreprint
Absil, O., Folco, E. D., Mérand, A., Augereau, J. ‐., du Foresto, V. C., Aufdenberg, J. P., Kervella, P., Ridgway, S. T., Berger, D. H., Brummelaar, T. A. T., et al. (2005) · Cited by 111
Debris disc stirring by secular perturbations from giant planetsPreprint
Mustill, A. J., & Wyatt, M. C. (2009) · Cited by 111
Self-citationTurbulence Implies that Mean Motion Resonances are Rare
Adams, F. C., Laughlin, G., & Bloch, A. M. (2008) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/589986 · Cited by 110
PLANET-PLANET SCATTERING LEADS TO TIGHTLY PACKED PLANETARY SYSTEMS
Raymond, S. N., Barnes, R., Veras, D., Armitage, P. J., Gorelick, N., & Greenberg, R. J. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/696/1/l98 · Cited by 107
Self-citationFar‐Infrared Properties of M Dwarfs
Gautier, T. N., III, Rieke, G. H., Stansberry, J., Bryden, G., Stapelfeldt, K. R., Werner, M. W., Beichman, C., Chen, C., Su, K. Y. L., Trilling, D. E., et al. (2007) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/520667 · Cited by 105
Mamajek, E. E., Meyer, M. R., Hinz, P. M., Hoffmann, W. F., Cohen, M., & Hora, J. L. (2004) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/422550 · Cited by 105
Williams, D. M., & Pollard, D. (2003) · International Journal of Astrobiology · doi:10.1017/s1473550403001356 · Cited by 105
Meyer, M. R., Carpenter, J. M., Mamajek, E. E., Hillenbrand, L. A., Hollenbach, D. J., Moro‐Martín, A., Kim, J. S., Silverstone, M. D., Najita, J., Hines, D. C., et al. (2008) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/527470 · Cited by 105
Self-citationThe Role of Giant Planets in Terrestrial Planet Formation
Levison, H., Dones, L., Agnor, C., Canup, R., & Duncan, M. (2000) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/374625 · Cited by 104
The Size–Frequency Distribution of the Zodiacal Cloud: Evidence from the Solar System Dust Bands
Grogan, K. (2001) · Icarus · doi:10.1006/icar.2001.6638 · Cited by 104
Proplyds and Massive Disks in the Orion Nebula Cluster Imaged with CARMA and SMA
Eisner, J. A., Plambeck, R. L., Carpenter, J. M., Corder, S. A., Qi, C., & Wilner, D. J. (2008) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/588524 · Cited by 100
Influence of an inner disc on the orbital evolution of massive planets migrating in resonance
Crida, A., Sándor, Z., & Kley, W. (2008) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20079291 · Cited by 97
Formation of Earth-like Planets During and After Giant Planet Migration
Mandell, A. M., Raymond, S. N., & Sigurdsson, S. (2007) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 97
Self-citationOn the formation of terrestrial planets in hot-Jupiter systems
Fogg, M. J., & Nelson, R. P. (2006) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20066171 · Cited by 92
Evolution of Planetary Systems in Resonance
Kley, W., Peitz, J., & Bryden, G. (2003) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20031589/pdf · Cited by 92
A NEW HYBRIDN-BODY-COAGULATION CODE FOR THE FORMATION OF GAS GIANT PLANETS
Bromley, B. C., & Kenyon, S. J. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/731/2/101 · Cited by 91
GENERALIZED MILANKOVITCH CYCLES AND LONG-TERM CLIMATIC HABITABILITY
Spiegel, D., Raymond, S., Dressing, C., Scharf, C. A., & Mitchell, J. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/721/2/1308 · Cited by 89
Self-citationKrivov, A. V., Sremčević, M., & Spahn, F. (2005) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2004.10.003 · Cited by 87
High Orbital Eccentricities of Extrasolar Planets Induced by the Kozai MechanismPreprint
Takeda, G., & Rasio, F. A. (2005) · Cited by 82
Mayor, M., Bonfils, X., Forveille, T., Delfosse, X., Udry, S., Bertaux, J., Beust, H., Bouchy, F., Lovis, C., Pepe, F., et al. (2009) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912172 · Cited by 81
Detecting the Dusty Debris of Terrestrial Planet Formation
Kenyon, S. J., & Bromley, B. C. (2004) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 79
Kenyon, S. J., & Bromley, B. C. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1088/0067-0049/188/1/242 · Cited by 78
Post-main-sequence evolution of A star debris discs
Bonsor, A., & Wyatt, M. (2010) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17412.x · Cited by 75
Self-citationDefrère, D., Absil, O., den Hartog, R., Hanot, C., & Stark, C. C. (2009) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912973 · Cited by 75
Chambers, J., & Cassen, P. (2002) · Meteoritics and Planetary Science · doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2002.tb00808.x · Cited by 72
Moro‐Martín, A., Malhotra, R., Bryden, G., Rieke, G. H., Su, K. Y. L., Beichman, C., & Lawler, S. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/717/2/1123 · Cited by 71
Self-citationThe Stellar Mass-Accretion Rate Relation in T Tauri Stars and Brown Dwarfs
Alexander, R., & Armitage, P. (2006) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/503030 · Cited by 68
Self-citationON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEBRIS DISKS AND PLANETS
Kóspál, Á., Ardila, D. R., Moór, A., & Ábrahám, P. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/700/2/l73 · Cited by 66
Resolving the hot dust around HD69830 and η Corvi with MIDI and VISIR
Smith, R., Wyatt, M. C., & Haniff, C. A. (2009) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200911626 · Cited by 65
Self-citationGáspár, A., Rieke, G. H., Su, K. Y. L., Balog, Z., Trilling, D. E., Muzerolle, J. C., Apai, D., & Kelly, B. C. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/697/2/1578 · Cited by 63
Cold DUst around NEarby Stars (DUNES). First results
Eiroa, C., Fedele, D., Maldonado, J., González-García, B. M., Rodmann, J., Heras, A. M., Pilbratt, G. L., Augereau, J. ‐., Mora, A., Montesinos, B., et al. (2010) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014594 · Cited by 63
Influence of an inner disc on the orbital evolution of massive planets migrating in resonance
Crida, A., Sándor, Z., & Kley, W. (2008) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20079291/pdf · Cited by 62
Collisional evolution of eccentric planetesimal swarms
Wyatt, M. C., Booth, M., Payne, M. J., & Churcher, L. J. (2009) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15930.x · Cited by 55
Self-citationDUST IN THE INNER REGIONS OF DEBRIS DISKS AROUND A STARS
Akeson, R. L., Ciardi, D. R., Millan-Gabet, R., Mérand, A., Folco, E. D., Monnier, J. D., Beichman, C. A., Absil, O., Aufdenberg, J., McAlister, H., et al. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/691/2/1896 · Cited by 54
Raymond, S. (2006) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/505596 · Cited by 52
Self-citationThe detectability of extrasolar terrestrial and giant planets during their luminous final accretion
Stern, S. A. (1994) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/117243 · Cited by 46
Veras, D., & Armitage, P. J. (2006) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/504582 · Cited by 44
Self-citationMetallicity, debris discs and planets
Greaves, J., Fischer, D., & Wyatt, M. (2006) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09848.x · Cited by 44
Self-citationThe clearing of discs around late-type T Tauri stars: constraints from the infrared two-colour plane
Ercolano, B., Clarke, C. J., & Hall, A. C. (2010) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17473.x · Cited by 43
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FORMING CLOSE-IN EARTH-LIKE PLANETS VIA A COLLISION-MERGER MECHANISM IN LATE-STAGE PLANET FORMATION
Ji, J., Jin, S., & Tinney, C. G. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/727/1/l5 · Cited by 37
Distribution of Circumstellar Disk Masses in the Young Cluster NGC 2024
Eisner, J. A., & Carpenter, J. (2003) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/379102 · Cited by 36
Dust in the inner regions of debris disks around A starsPreprint
Akeson, R., Ciardi, D. R., Millan-Gabet, R., Mérand, A., Folco, E. D., Monnier, J. D., Beichman, C., Absil, O., Aufdenberg, J. P., McAlister, H. A., et al. (2012) · Cited by 35
Orbital Stability of a Protoplanet System under a Drag Force Proportional to the Random Velocity
Iwasaki, K., Emori, H., Nakazawa, K., & Tanaka, H. (2002) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/54.3.471 · Cited by 34
The Gas-Drag Effect on the Orbital Instability of a Protoplanet System
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MEAN MOTION RESONANCES IN EXTRASOLAR PLANETARY SYSTEMS WITH TURBULENCE, INTERACTIONS, AND DAMPING
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Perryman, M. A. C. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108304160 · Cited by 380
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Raymond, S. N., Armitage, P. J., Moro-Martín, A., Booth, M., Wyatt, M. C., Armstrong, J. C., Mandell, A. M., Selsis, F., & West, A. A.
- Affiliations
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics (US)
- University of Victoria (CA)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Weber State University (US)
- Goddard Space Flight Center (US)
- Boston University (US)
- Venue
- Astronomy & Astrophysics
- Publisher
- EDP Sciences
- Published
- 2011-05-12
- Volume
- 530
- Pages
- A62
- ISSN
- 0004-6361 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0746
- OpenAlex
- W1964193027
- Cited by
- 194
- References
- 184
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 9.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Astronomy and Astrophysics (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Oskar-Bordeaux (Universite de Bordeaux) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0807471)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNX07AH08G, NNX09AB90G)
- Purdue University
- Weber State University
- University of Washington
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
- NASA Astrobiology Institute
- Science and Technology Facilities Council (ST/H00243X/1, ST/G00269X/1)
- Division of Astronomical Sciences
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Astro and Planetary Science
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Keywords
- debris disks, terrestrial planet formation, giant planet instability, dynamical instability, dust formation, mid-infrared dust emission, eccentric planets, terrestrial exoplanets, giant exoplanets, Kuiper belt analog, Late Heavy Bombardment, solar-type stars
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