Artificial Intelligence in Radiology: Opportunities and Challenges
Abstract
Artificial intelligence's (AI) emergence in radiology elicits both excitement and uncertainty. AI holds promise for improving radiology with regards to clinical practice, education, and research opportunities. Yet, AI systems are trained on select datasets that can contain bias and inaccuracies. Radiologists must understand these limitations and engage with AI developers at every step of the process - from algorithm initiation and design to development and implementation - to maximize benefit and minimize harm that can be enabled by this technology.
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Data labeling for model training can be affected by human image interpretation and the diagnostic performance of the selected reference standard for the investigated condition.
“Finally, data labeling for model training can be affected by the human image interpretation and diagnostic performance of the selected reference standard for the investigated condition.121”
From Bias in artificial intelligence for medical imaging: fundamentals, detection, avoidance, mitigation, challenges, ethics, and prospects (2024) · cites this paper as [121]
As AI tools learn from archival data, a narrowed data source results in AI models that are not generalizable in heterogeneous patient populations with different demographics, clinical characteristics, and disease prevalence, leading to perpetuated bias in the final AI model.
“As AI tools learn from archival data, a narrowed data source results in AI models that are not generalizable in heterogeneous patient populations with different demographics, clinical characteristics, and disease prevalence, leading to perpetuated bias in the final AI model.120, 121”
From Bias in artificial intelligence for medical imaging: fundamentals, detection, avoidance, mitigation, challenges, ethics, and prospects (2024) · cites this paper as [121]
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Self-citation
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6 of the 95 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
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Koçak, B., Ponsiglione, A., Stanzione, A., Bluethgen, C., Santinha, J., Ugga, L., Huisman, M., Klontzas, M. E., Cannella, R., & Cuocolo, R. (2024) · Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology · doi:10.4274/dir.2024.242854 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Korfiatis, P., Kline, T. L., Meyer, H. M., Khalid, S., Leiner, T., Loufek, B. T., Blezek, D., Vidal, D. E., Hartman, R. P., Joppa, L. J., et al. (2025) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings Digital Health · doi:10.1016/j.mcpdig.2024.100188 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
AI in Dental Radiology—Improving the Efficiency of Reporting With ChatGPT: Comparative Study
Stephan, D., Bertsch, A., Burwinkel, M., Vinayahalingam, S., Al‐Nawas, B., Kämmerer, P. W., & Thiem, D. G. E. (2024) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/60684 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Ismail, I. N., Subramaniam, P. K., Adam, K. B. C., & Ghazali, A. B. (2024) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics14171917 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Schneider‐Kamp, A., & Godono, A. (2025) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-025-02319-5 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Measuring the Environmental Impact of MRI and CT: A Life Cycle Assessment
Carver, D. E., Pruthi, S., Struk, O., Vigil-Garcia, M., Meijer, C., Gehrels, J., Omary, R. A., Scheel, J. R., & Thiel, C. L. (2025) · Journal of the American College of Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacr.2025.09.030 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Zhang, Z., Li, N., Ding, Y., & Cheng, H. (2024) · European Spine Journal · doi:10.1007/s00586-024-08609-8 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Artificial Intelligence Applications in Musculoskeletal Imaging
Shariatnia, M., Bagherieh, S., Semnani, F., Rafiei, N., Avval, A. H., Ollivier, M. P., Musahl, V., & Pareek, A. (2025) · Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12178-025-09997-0 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Selvaraj, C., Cho, W. C. S., Kulanthaivel, L., Alothaim, A. S., Vijayakumar, R., Jayaprakashvel, M., & Desai, D. (2025) · 3 Biotech · doi:10.1007/s13205-025-04518-9 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Zhang, Z., Li, N., Ding, Y., Sun, H., & Cheng, H. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-94358-7 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The limits of artificial intelligence: prospects and challenges in the clinical workplace
Schneider‐Kamp, A., & Askegaard, S. (2024) · Current Opinion in Epidemiology and Public Health · doi:10.1097/pxh.0000000000000046 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Artificial intelligence (AI) and CT in abdominal imaging: image reconstruction and beyond
Pisuchpen, N., Rao, S. S., Noda, Y., Kongboonvijit, S., Rezaei, A., & Kambadakone, A. R. (2025) · Abdominal Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00261-025-05031-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Rhyou, S.-Y., Cho, Y. J., Yoo, J.-C., Hong, S., Bae, S., Bae, H., & Yu, M. (2025) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics14010160 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Karamoskos, P. (2026) · American Journal of Roentgenology · doi:10.2214/ajr.26.34634 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Efficient Selection of Rare Pathology Samples from Unlabeled Medical Data via Deep Active Learning
Kafetzis, I. S., Hann, A., & Fragulis, G. F. (2025) · International Conference on Modern Circuits and Systems Technologies · doi:10.1109/mocast65744.2025.11083944 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Parkar, A. P., Offiah, A. C., Ene, M.-A., Gheonea, I.-A., & European Society of Radiology (ESR) (2025) · Insights into Imaging · doi:10.1186/s13244-025-02144-w · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Innovations in MSK Radiology: Harnessing the Power of AI
Lohiya, N., Ajmera, P., Desai, S., & Jain, V. K. (2025) · Apollo Medicine · doi:10.1177/09760016251407469 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Saliba, T., Rotzinger, D. C., Ilanjian, G., & Fahrni, G. (2026) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.177499.1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Dwajan, A., PATRO, D. R., Agarwal, A., & Lalhmingmawii, M. (2026) · World Journal of Clinical Cases · doi:10.12998/wjcc.v14.i17.120192 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Wang, J., Bai, J., Wang, Y., Wang, C., & Deng, H. (2026) · Abdominal Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00261-026-05627-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Beyond Pattern Recognition: Call for Functionally Aware AI for Anatomical Illustration
Kawalec, A., & Simka, M. (2026) · JMIR Medical Education · doi:10.2196/92700 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Role of radiologist with the advent of artificial intelligence in medical imaging
Boregowdanapalya, A. (2024) · International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences · doi:10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20244173
AI and Radiology: Bridging the Gap Between Peer Review, Education, and Value-Based Care
Hussain, M. A., & Wrenn, M. E. (2025) · Applied Radiology · doi:10.37549/ar-d-24-0029
The Role of AI in Enhancing Imaging Modalities
Karthik, Y., Sujithra, M., & Senthilkumar, B. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-02963-8_3
Inam, H., & Sharaf, K. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-2727-3.ch007
Refat, S. H., Rahaman, M. A., Arafat, Y., Alam, P., Ramit, S. S., & Rahman, M. S. (2026) · International Conference on Sentiment Analysis and Deep Learning (ICSADL) · doi:10.1109/icsadl67539.2026.11452107
Equity, diversity, and inclusion: variations in clinical and academic radiology
Kassanje, C., Wong, E. H. Y., Bamidele, J. O., & Offiah, A. C. (2026) · Insights into Imaging · doi:10.1186/s13244-026-02278-5
Towbin, A. J., Kim, W., Kottler, N. E., Burkett, B. J., Chapelin, F., Chow, J., Cutler, C. S., Derdeyn, C. P., Dhyani, M., Doo, F. X., et al. (2026) · Radiology Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1148/ryai.250671
- Authors
- Flory, M. N., Napel, S., & Tsai, E. B.
- Affiliations
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tsai, Emily B.
- Venue
- Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-04
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 152-160
- ISSN
- 0887-2171 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4392112467
- Cited by
- 29
- References
- 95
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 7
- FWCI
- 2.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Seminars in Ultrasound CT and MRI (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Radiology practices and education
- Keywords
- artificial intelligence, radiology, AI implementation, algorithmic bias, training data quality, clinical practice, radiology education, artificial intelligence research
- MeSH terms
- Algorithms, Artificial Intelligence, Diagnostic Imaging, Humans, Radiology
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