Artificial Intelligence in Radiology—Ethical Considerations
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Artificial intelligence (AI) is poised to change much about the way we practice radiology in the near future. The power of AI tools has the potential to offer substantial benefit to patients. Conversely, there are dangers inherent in the deployment of AI in radiology, if this is done without regard to possible ethical risks. Some ethical issues are obvious; others are less easily discerned, and less easily avoided. This paper explains some of the ethical difficulties of which we are presently aware, and some of the measures we may take to protect against misuse of AI.
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There is a risk that AI algorithms may ignore specific differences, such as gender and race, which can lead to bias because of the heterogeneity between the training set and other patients.
“There is a risk that AI algorithms may ignore specific differences, such as gender and race, which can lead to bias because of the heterogeneity between the training set and other patients 35-37.”
From Artificial intelligence in pancreatic cancer (2022) · cites this paper as [37]
It is difficult to assign liability for medical malpractice arising from defects in AI.
“Also, it is difficult to assign liability for medical malpractice arising from defects in AI 37,38.”
From Artificial intelligence in pancreatic cancer (2022) · cites this paper as [37]
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Terzis, R., Kaya, K., Schömig, T., Janßen, J. P., Iuga, A.-I., Kottlors, J., Lennartz, S., Gietzen, C., Gözdas, C., Müller, L., et al. (2025) · European Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00330-025-11888-4 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The Promise of Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Point-of-Care Ultrasonography in Perioperative Care
Serrano, R. A., & Smeltz, A. M. (2024) · Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia · doi:10.1053/j.jvca.2024.01.034 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Perspective Chapter: Nano and Society 5.0 – Advancing the Human-Centric Revolution
Zein, B. E., Elrashidi, A. M., Dahlan, M. A., Jarwan, A. A., & Jabbour, G. E. (2024) · Artificial intelligence · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1004221 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Advancing pancreatic cancer management: the role of artificial intelligence in diagnosis and therapy
Ozsahin, D. U., Usanase, N., & Özşahin, İ. (2025) · Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences · doi:10.1186/s43088-025-00610-4 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The concept of the invisible radiologist in the era of artificial intelligence
Karantanas, A. H., & Efremidis, S. C. (2022) · European Journal of Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2021.110147 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Rockwell, H. D., Cyphers, E. D., Makary, M. S., & Keller, E. J. (2023) · Seminars in Interventional Radiology · doi:10.1055/s-0043-1769905 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Five principles for the intelligent use of AI in medical imaging
Colak, E., Moreland, R., & Ghassemi, M. (2021) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-020-06316-8 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Navigating the barriers and facilitators to implementation of AI in healthcare
Khattak, M., Bowness, J. S., Yonis, R., Kierkegaard, P., McGregor, A. H., & Perry, D. C. (2025) · The Bone & Joint Journal · doi:10.1302/0301-620x.107b7.bjj-2024-1570.r1 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Artificial intelligence‐assisted theranostics for brain tumors: Advancements and future perspectives
Li, M., Zhang, L., Ullah, Z., Zhang, Y., Wei, S., Huang, L., & Guo, B. (2025) · Open Research (University of Surrey) · doi:10.1002/viw.20250119 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Tripathi, S., Augustin, A. I., Dako, F., & Kim, E. (2022) · AI and Ethics · doi:10.1007/s43681-022-00227-8 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Pogarell, T., Bayerl, N., Wetzl, M., Roth, J., Speier, C., Cavallaro, A., Uder, M., & Dankerl, P. (2021) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics11112114 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Pinto, D. S., Noronha, S. M., Saigal, G. M., & Quencer, R. M. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.60461 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Shoib, S., Siddiqui, M. F., Turan, S., Chandradasa, M., Armiya’u, A. Y., Saeed, F., Berardis, D. D., Islam, S. M. S., & Zaidi, I. (2025) · Preventive Medicine Research & Reviews · doi:10.4103/pmrr.pmrr_121_24 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Merchant, S. A., Merchant, N., Varghese, S. L., & Shaikh, M. J. S. (2025) · World Journal of Radiology · doi:10.4329/wjr.v17.i11.114754 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Artificial Intelligence Applications in Interventional Radiology
Lanza, C., Angileri, S. A., Carriero, S., Triggiani, S., Ascenti, V., Mortellaro, S., Ginolfi, M., Leo, A., Arnone, F., Torcia, P., et al. (2025) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm15120569 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Evolution of an Artificial Intelligence-Powered Application for Mammography
Vasilev, Y. A., Андреевич, Р. Д., Vladzymyrskyy, A. V., Omelyanskaya, O. V., Дмитриевич, П. Л., Михайлович, Ш. И., Nikitin, E. D., Kapninskiy, A., & Arzamasov, K. M. (2025) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics15070822 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Responsible Radionuclide Cancer Care
Turner, J. H. (2021) · Cancer Biotherapy and Radiopharmaceuticals · doi:10.1089/cbr.2021.0152 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Review article on Role of Artificial Intelligence in Radiology
Jain, S., Jain, S., Pillai, S., & Mandloi, R. S. (2023) · Research Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry · doi:10.52711/0975-4385.2023.00041 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Ismail, M. I. B., Khan, A. J., Omar, N., Ahmad, M. S., Tahir, N. M., & Yusof, M. Y. P. M. (2025) · Digital Dentistry Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ddj.2025.100036 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
AI in Healthcare: Bridging the Gap between Research and Clinical Implementation
Lanka, S., & Madala, P. (2024) · International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology (IJISRT) · doi:10.38124/ijisrt/ijisrt24oct089 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
- Authors
- Brady, A. P., & Neri, E.
- Affiliations
- European Society of Radiology (AT)
- University of Pisa (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Brady, Adrian P.
- Venue
- Diagnostics
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-04-17
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 231
- ISSN
- 2075-4418 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7235856
- OpenAlex
- W3016902347
- Cited by
- 150
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 4
- FWCI
- 4.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Diagnostics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Lenus, The Irish Health Repository (Dr Steevens Hospital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Ethics and bioethics in healthcare
- Keywords
- artificial intelligence in radiology, medical ethics, ethical risks of AI, AI misuse, patient benefit
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