The DOI matches its Crossref record; 66 of the 68 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Exercise and sleep
Abstract
This paper reviews the literature on the association between exercise and sleep. The epidemiological and experimental evidence for whether or not acute and chronic exercise promote sleep is discussed, as well as moderating factors and agendas for future directions of study. The expectation that exercise will benefit sleep can partly be attributed to traditional hypotheses that sleep serves energy conservation, body restoration or thermoregulatory functions, all of which have guided much of the research in this field. Exercise is a complex activity that can be beneficial to general well-being but may also stress the body. Differences in the exercise protocols studied (e.g. aerobic or anaerobic, intensity, duration) and interactions between individual characteristics (e.g. fitness, age and gender) cloud the current experimental evidence supporting a sleep-enhancing effect of exercise. In addition, the tendency to study changes in small groups of good sleepers may also underestimate the efficacy of exercise for promoting sleep. Athough only moderate effect sizes have been noted, meta-analytical techniques have shown that exercise increased total sleep time and delayed REM sleep onset (10 min), increased slow-wave sleep (SWS) and reduced REM sleep (2-5 min). The sleep-promoting efficacy of exercise in normal and clinical populations has yet to be established empirically.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Exercise is a nonpharmacological therapy for insomnia, is readily available, and costs less than other nonpharmacological treatments for insomnia; notably, its effects depend upon exercise type and evaluation methodology (Youngstedt, O’Connor & Dishman, 1997; Driver & Taylor, 2000; Youngstedt, 2005).”
From Exercise can improve sleep quality: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2018) · cites this paper as Driver & Taylor, 2000
Citations
Cites
Nonpharmacologic Treatment of Chronic Insomnia
Morin, C. M., Hauri, P. J., Espie, C. A., Spielman, A. J., Buysse, D. J., & Bootzin, R. R. (1999) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/22.8.1134 · Cited by 888
Esophageal, rectal, and muscle temperature during exercise
Saltin, B., & Hermansen, L. (1966) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1966.21.6.1757 · Cited by 560
The effects of acute exercise on sleep: a quantitative synthesis
Youngstedt, S. D., O'Connor, P. J., & Dishman, R. K. (1997) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/20.3.203 · Cited by 412
King, A. C. (1997) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03540250040029 · Cited by 412
Warm feet promote the rapid onset of sleep
Kräuchi, K., Cajochen, C., Werth, E., & Wirz-Justice, A. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/43366 · Cited by 398
Keeping cool: a hypothesis about the mechanisms and functions of slow-wave sleep
McGinty, D., & Szymusiak, R. S. (1990) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(90)90081-k · Cited by 386
Alleviation of Sleep Maintenance Insomnia with Timed Exposure to Bright Light
Campbell, S. S., Dawson, D. E., & Anderson, M. W. (1993) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1993.tb06179.x · Cited by 316
Current Perspectives on the Function of Sleep
Rechtschaffen, A. (1998) · Perspectives in biology and medicine · doi:10.1353/pbm.1998.0051 · Cited by 296
A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Effect of Exercise on Sleep
Singh, N. A., Clements, K. M., & Fiatarone, M. A. (1997) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/20.2.95 · Cited by 291
The Effects of Acute and Chronic Exercise on Sleep
Kubitz, K. A., Landers, D. M., Petruzzello, S. J., & Han, M.-W. (1996) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-199621040-00004 · Cited by 285
The cytokine response to strenuous exercise
Pedersen, B. K., Ostrowski, K., Rohde, T., & Brüünsgaard, H. (1998) · Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1139/cjpp-76-5-505 · Cited by 282
Association of physical activity and human sleep disorders
Sherrill, D. L., Kotchou, K., & Quan, S. F. (1998) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.158.17.1894 · Cited by 244
Reeth, O. V., Sturis, J., Byrne, M. M., Blackman, J. D., L’Hermite‐Balériaux, M., Leproult, R., Oliner, C. M., Refetoff, S., Turek, F. W., & Cauter, E. V. (1994) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1994.266.6.e964 · Cited by 234
Lichstein, K. L., Means, M. K., Noe, S. L., & Aguillard, R. N. (1997) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(97)00029-6 · Cited by 233
Zepelin, H., Siegel, J. M., & Tobler, I. (2005) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-72-160797-7/50015-x · Cited by 233
Nighttime drop in body temperature: A physiological trigger for sleep onset?
Murphy, P. J., & Campbell, S. S. (1997) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/20.7.505 · Cited by 222
Exercise and Sleep: Body-Heating Effects
Horne, J., & Staff, L. H. E. (1983) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/6.1.36 · Cited by 214
Slow-Wave Sleep: A Recovery Period After Exercise
Shapiro, C. M., Bortz, R., Mitchell, D., Bartel, P., & Jooste, P. L. (1981) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7302594 · Cited by 178
Protein Synthesis, Bodily Renewal and the Sleep-Wake Cycle
Adam, K., & Oswald, I. (1983) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs0650561 · Cited by 167
Exercise and Sleep Patterns in College Athletes
Baekeland, F., & Lasky, R. (1966) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1966.23.3f.1203 · Cited by 166
Benca, R. M., Okawa, M., Uchiyama, M., Ozaki, S., Nakajima, T., Shibui, K., & Obermeyer, W. H. (1997) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/s1087-0792(97)90005-8 · Cited by 165
Taylor, S. R., Rogers, G. G., & Driver, H. S. (1997) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199705000-00016 · Cited by 151
Self-citationChronobiotics—drugs that shift rhythms
Dawson, D. E., & Armstrong, S. M. (1996) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/0163-7258(95)02020-9 · Cited by 150
Nondrug treatment trials in psychophysiologic insomnia
Guilleminault, C. (1995) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.1995.00430080076010 · Cited by 140
Sleep EEG effects of exercise with and without additional body cooling
Horne, J. A., & Moore, V. J. (1985) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(85)90948-4 · Cited by 139
Budgett, R. (1990) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.24.4.231 · Cited by 114
Aerobic Fitness, Acute Exercise and Sleep in Older Men
Edinger, J. D., Morey, M. C., Sullivan, R. J., Higginbotham, M. B., Marsh, G. R., Dailey, D. S., & McCall, W. V. (1993) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/16.4.351 · Cited by 110
Brain temperature dependent changes in the electroencephalogram power spectrum of humans and animals
Deboer, T. (1998) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.1998.00125.x · Cited by 101
Epidemiology of exercise effects on sleep.
Vuori, I., Urponen, H., Hasan, J., & Partinen, M. (1988) · PubMed · Cited by 97
The effects of exercise upon sleep: A critical review
Horne, J. (1981) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/0301-0511(81)90001-6 · Cited by 97
Leproult, R., Reeth, O. V., Byrne, M. M., Sturis, J., & Cauter, E. V. (1997) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/074873049701200306 · Cited by 94
Consulting About Insomnia: A Method and Some Preliminary Data
Hauri, P. (1993) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/16.4.344 · Cited by 85
Comparative aspects of energy metabolism, body temperature and sleep.
Berger, R. J., & Phillips, N. H. (1988) · PubMed · Cited by 80
Is sleep disturbed by vigorous late-night exercise?
Youngstedt, S. D., Kripke, D. F., & Elliott, J. A. (1999) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199906000-00015 · Cited by 77
Identification and treatment of sleep problems in the elderly
Ancoli‐Israel, S., Poceta, J. S., Stepnowsky, C. J., Martin, J. L., & Gehrman, P. (1997) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/s1087-0792(97)90002-2 · Cited by 74
Driver, H. S., & Baker, F. C. (1998) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/s1087-0792(98)90009-0 · Cited by 73
Self-citationProlonged endurance exercise and sleep disruption
Driver, H. S., Rogers, G. G., Mitchell, D., Borrow, S., ALLEN, M., Luus, H. G., & Shapiro, C. M. (1994) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-199407000-00015 · Cited by 70
Self-citationPartonen, T., Leppämäki, S., Hurme, J., & Lönnqvist, J. K. (1998) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291798007491 · Cited by 68
Exercise-induced increase in core temperature does not disrupt a behavioral measure of sleep
O’Connor, P. J., Breus, M., & Youngstedt, S. D. (1998) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(98)00049-3 · Cited by 65
Effects of Exhaustive Exercise on the Sleep of Men and Women
Bunnell, D. E., Bevier, W. C., & Horvath, S. M. (1983) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb00900.x · Cited by 62
Effects on sleep stages and EEG power density of different degrees of exercise in fit subjects
Torsvall, L., Åkerstedt, T., & LINDBECK, G. (1984) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(84)90158-5 · Cited by 60
Shapiro, C. M., Warren, P. M., Trinder, J. C., Paxton, S. J., Oswald, I., Flenley, D. C., & Catterall, J. R. (1984) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00964680 · Cited by 58
(1996) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.34-1232 · Cited by 57
Sleep, cytokines and immune function
Dickstein, J. B. (1999) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/s1087-0792(99)90003-5 · Cited by 57
Energy Expenditure and Total Sleep Time: Effect of Physical Exercise
Montgomery, L., John, T., & Paxton, S. J. (1982) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/5.2.159 · Cited by 50
Restricted energy intake affects nocturnal body temperature and sleep patterns
Karklin, A., Driver, H. S., & Buffenstein, R. (1994) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/59.2.346 · Cited by 48
Self-citationDriver, H. S., Meintjes, A. F., Rogers, G. G., & Shapiro, C. M. (1988) · PubMed · Cited by 41
Self-citationEnergy content of the evening meal alters nocturnal body temperature but not sleep
Driver, H. S., SHULMAN, I., Baker, F. C., & Buffenstein, R. (1999) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(99)00145-6 · Cited by 39
Self-citationThe effect of exercise on sleep: the negative view.
Trinder, J. C., Montgomery, I., & Paxton, S. J. (1988) · PubMed · Cited by 37
Shapiro, C. M., Allan, M., Driver, H. S., & Mitchell, D. (1989) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(89)90110-8 · Cited by 37
Self-citationEndurance as Opposed to Power Training: Their Effect on Sleep
Trinder, J. C., Paxton, S. J., Montgomery, J. M., & Fraser, G. (1985) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01665.x · Cited by 36
[Physical training of patients with sleep apnea].
Netzer, N. C., Lormes, W., Giebelhaus, V., Halle, M., Keul, J., Matthys, H., & Lehmann, M. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 35
Does Aerobic Fitness Affect Sleep?
Paxton, S. J., Trinder, J. C., & Montgomery, I. (1983) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb02162.x · Cited by 29
Effects of prolonged bed rest on EEG sleep patterns in young, healthy volunteers
Ryback, R. S., & Lewis, O. F. (1971) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(71)90235-5 · Cited by 29
Gilbert, S. S., van den Heuvel, C. J., Kennaway, D. J., & Dawson, D. E. (1999) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(98)00309-6 · Cited by 28
Sleep disruption following a marathon.
Montgomery, I., Trinder, J., Paxton, S. J., Fraser, G., Meaney, M., & Koerbin, G. (1985) · PubMed · Cited by 26
Lagerspetz, K. (1994) · Birkhäuser Basel eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-8491-4 · Cited by 24
Physical exercise and sleep: the effect of the age and sex of the subjects and type of exercise.
Montgomery, I., Trinder, J., Paxton, S. J., Harris, D., Fraser, G., & Colrain, I. M. (1988) · PubMed · Cited by 23
Sleep Disturbances and Exercise
Driver, H. S., & Taylor, S. R. (1996) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-199621010-00001 · Cited by 23
Self-citationImproved physical fitness failed to alter the EEG patterns of sleep in young women
Meintjes, A. F., Driver, H. S., & Shapiro, C. M. (1989) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf02396589 · Cited by 21
Self-citationClinical Workload Decreases the Level of Aerobic Fitness in Housestaff Physicians
Suskin, N., Ryan, G., Fardy, J., Clarke, H., & McKelvie, R. S. (1998) · Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00008483-199805000-00005 · Cited by 20
Sleep after exercise of variable intensity in fit and unfit subjects
Paxton, S. J., Montgomery, I., Trinder, J. C., Newman, J., & Bowling, A. (1982) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00049538208254724 · Cited by 19
Aerobic fitness and exercise: Effect on the sleep of younger and older adults
Montgomery, I., Trinder, J. C., Fraser, G., & Paxton, S. J. (1987) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00049538708259052 · Cited by 16
Age and Sleep Modify Finger Temperature Responses to Facial Cooling
Jennings, J. R., Reynolds, C. F., Houck, P. R., Buysse, D. J., Hoch, C. C., Hall, F., & Monk, T. H. (1993) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/48.3.m108 · Cited by 15
Does Exercise Truly Enhance Sleep?
Youngstedt, S. D. (1997) · The Physician and Sportsmedicine · doi:10.3810/psm.1997.10.1473 · Cited by 12
Is Sleep Affected by Physical Exercise and Fitness?
Taylor, S. R., & Driver, H. S. (1995) · Critical Reviews in Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.1615/critrevphysrehabilmed.v7.i2.30 · Cited by 4
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 68 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Appenzeller, 1988, Neurology of endurance training, In Appenzeller O (ed.). Sports Medicine. Fitness. Training. Injuries. Baltimore, USA: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 35
- Shapiro, 1988, Stress and sleep, In Roussel B, Jouvet M, (eds). Proceedings of the 27th DRG Seminar Sleep and its implications for the military. Lyon, France: A.C.M.E.L, 133
- Horne, 1995, Can exercise overcome sleepiness?, Sleep Res, 24A, 437
- Driver, 1999, Menstrual factors and sleep, Sleep Med Rev, 3, 219
- Vitiello, 1994, The slow wave sleep of healthy older men and women is enhanced with improved aerobic fitness, J Sleep Res, 3(Suppl. 1), 270
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The effects of physical activity on sleep: A meta-analytic review
Kredlow, M. A., Capozzoli, M. C., Hearon, B. A., Calkins, A. W., & Otto, M. W. (2015) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-015-9617-6 · Cited by 1,333
Dishman, R. K., Berthoud, H., Booth, F. W., Cotman, C. W., Edgerton, V. R., Fleshner, M. R., Gandevia, S. C., Gomez‐Pinilla, F., Greenwood, B. N., Hillman, C. H., et al. (2006) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2006.46 · Cited by 958
Fullagar, H. H. K., Skorski, S., Duffield, R., Hammes, D., Coutts, A. J., & Meyer, T. (2014) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0260-0 · Cited by 1,087
Sleep and exercise: A reciprocal issue?
Chennaoui, M., Arnal, P. J., Sauvet, F., & Léger, D. (2014) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2014.06.008 · Cited by 770
The benefits of exercise for the clinically depressed
Craft, L. L., & Perna, F. M. (2004) · The Primary Care Companion For CNS Disorders · doi:10.4088/pcc.v06n0301 · Cited by 692
Metadata
- Authors
- Driver, H. S., & Taylor, S. R.
- Affiliations
- University Health Network (CA)
- University of the Witwatersrand (ZA)
- ORCID
- Driver, Helen S.
- Venue
- Sleep Medicine Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2000-08
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 387-402
- ISSN
- 1087-0792 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2054911098
- Cited by
- 769
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 54 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 58 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 47 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 6.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Sleep Medicine Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Keywords
- physical activity, sleep, sleep promotion, acute exercise, exercise training, REM sleep onset, slow-wave sleep, REM sleep, sleep duration, exercise intensity, exercise duration, aerobic exercise, anaerobic exercise, energy conservation hypothesis, thermoregulation, sleep restoration, sleep disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
